{"id":8055,"date":"2026-10-13T12:53:23","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T12:53:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=8055"},"modified":"2026-10-13T12:53:24","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T12:53:24","slug":"how-in-myanmar-national-races-came-to-surpass-citizenship-and-exclude-rohingya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/10\/13\/how-in-myanmar-national-races-came-to-surpass-citizenship-and-exclude-rohingya\/","title":{"rendered":"How in Myanmar \u201cNational Races\u201d Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

How in Myanmar \u201cNational Races\u201d Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nick Cheesman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pages 461-483 | Published online: 15 Mar 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRACT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The idea of \u201cnational races\u201d or taingyintha<\/em> has animated brutal conflict in Myanmar over who or what is \u201cRohingya.\u201d But because the term is translated from Burmese inconsistently, and because its usage is contingent, its peculiar significance for political speech and action has been lost in work on Myanmar by scholars writing in English. Out of concern that Myanmar\u2019s contemporary politics cannot be understood without reckoning with taingyintha<\/em>, in this article I give national races their due. Adopting a genealogical method, I trace the episodic emergence of taingyintha<\/em> from colonial times to the present. I examine attempts to order national races taxonomically, and to marry the taxonomy with a juridical project to dominate some people and elide others through a citizenship regime in which membership in a national race has surpassed other conditions for membership in the political community \u201cMyanmar.\u201d Consequently, people who reside in Myanmar but are collectively denied citizenship \u2013 like anyone identifying or identified as Rohingya \u2013 pursue claims to be taingyintha<\/em> so as to rejoin the community. Ironically, the surpassing symbolic and juridical power of national races is for people denied civil and political rights at once their problem and their solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I am grateful to the many people who offered thoughts on drafts of this article, including Mary Callahan, Jane Ferguson, Ian Holliday, Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Tom Pepinsky, Elliott Prasse-Freeman, Craig Reynolds, Jayde Lin Roberts, Derek Tonkin, and two peer reviewers, as well as Kevin Hewison, both for his comments and edits. The article also benefited from conversations with audience members at a seminar in the Department of Political and Social Change, Australian National University, where I presented a draft in 2015, and with Ben Schonthal and colleagues in the South and Southeast Asian Study Group, University of Otago, to whom I presented a revised version at their inaugural seminar in 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disclosure statement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. The authoritative Burmese-English dictionary for the period contains an entry for taingthu-pyitha<\/em> but none for taingyintha<\/em> (Judson Citation1893<\/a>). A widely used English-Burmese dictionary published in 1906 translates \u201cnative\u201d as taingyintha<\/em> or pyiyintha<\/em> but makes no reference to it under entries for national or nationality (Tun Nyein Citation1906<\/a>). Significantly, one of the most comprehensive dictionaries published after 1964 contains no less than seven entries for taingyintha<\/em>, including two referring to it as a signifier for national solidarity (Hoke Sein Citation1978<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. In the pre-colonial period lumyo<\/em> operated across a variety of classificatory schema, which were class and caste-based. The radical bifurcation of lumyo<\/em> was between noble and commoner. Consistent with Indic political theory, a fourfold stratification further divided lumyo<\/em> into rulers and warriors, priests (Brahmin), traders and merchants and labourers (Tin Citation1965<\/a>, 11).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. An exception was the Arakan National Congress, established in 1939, which despite its translation to English as \u201cnational,\u201d in Burmese was not amyotha<\/em> but taingyintha<\/em>, or rather, the All Arakan Nationalities Congress (Ba San Citation1996<\/a>, 48\u201364). Another exception was the United Mon Association, or Mon Taingyintha<\/em> Association, formed in late 1945 and active from 1946 as the first Mon group with an overtly political agenda (Pantha Citation2014<\/a>, 66\u201367; South Citation2003<\/a>, 101). Thanks to Ashley South for his communication on this topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. The published text of the draft constitution does not offer a definition of minority taingyintha<\/em>, but in his book published over a decade later U Thant (Citation1961<\/a>, 189) identifies \u201cmajority\u201d taingyintha<\/em> as Mon, Burman and Arakanese, and \u201cminority\u201d taingyintha<\/em> as \u201cShan, Chin, Karen, Karenni, and so on.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Pyidaungzu Taingyintha Lumyomya Punbyoye Theikpan<\/em>. In 1991 the academy was rebadged as a university (Sabebiman Citation1996<\/a>); and later was replaced by two degree colleges for \u201cunion national-race youths\u201d (Myanma Alin<\/em>, September 22, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. The chairman of the military junta, General Saw Maung, made a passing reference to the 135 national-race groups in a press conference on July 5, 1989 (Working People\u2019s Daily<\/em> Citation1989<\/a>, 41); however, it was not until the following year that the junta began referring to the number routinely. I thank Derek Tonkin for drawing my attention to the 1989 speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. The tables in 1953 list data for Burmese, Karen, Shan, Chin, Kachin and Karenni followed by \u201cother indigenous races,\u201d then Indian and Pakistani, Chinese, European and American, and other races. The 1983 published data contain the same categories for national races; however, other categories are Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Nepalese, \u201cmixed foreign and Burmese,\u201d and \u201cother foreign\u201d (Immigration and Manpower Department Citation1986<\/a>). The published data for Arakan State from 1983 suggests that Rohingya were classed among Bangladeshi, who officially constituted 24.3% of the total population in that state (Immigration and Manpower Department Citation1987<\/a>, 1\u201314).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. On March 21, 2016, the newly elected National League for Democracy-majority legislature approved the establishment of the new union-level Ministry of National Race Affairs, or Taingyintha-yeya Wungyi-dtana<\/em> (Myanma Alin<\/em>, March 22, 2016). In English, it has been designated the Ministry of Ethnic Affairs, concealing its distinctive nomenclature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. The preamble invokes national races seven times in two pages, repeatedly addressing the \u201cnational people\u201d as taingyintha<\/em>. The term for \u201cthe state\u201d features 18 times, \u201csovereignty,\u201d thrice, \u201ccitizen,\u201d not once.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Section 56 establishes special autonomous regions for designated national race groups, while under section 161, taingyintha<\/em> get seats reserved in the legislatures of states and regions where they reside if they have a population of at least 0.1% of the nationwide total (see TNI-BCN Citation2014<\/a>, 12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Paragraph 5 of the Procedures Concerning the Citizenship Law (Council of Ministers Notification No. 13\/83), stresses that Kachin, Karenni, Karen, Chin, Burmans, Mon, Arakanese, Shan and others who had not settled in the territory of Burma for the requisite period are not taingyintha<\/em> for the purposes of the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. However, paragraph 7 of the 1983 Procedures Concerning the Citizenship Law is clear that these persons are \u201cnot citizens by birth\u201d and therefore they can be prosecuted and can have their citizenship revoked if they have acquired it by deceit (see Cheesman Citation2015a<\/a>, 112\u2013114).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. A pink card may have multiple hyphenated identities indicating parentage and lineage. For discussion and illustrations see Nyi Nyi Kyaw (Citation2015<\/a>, 52\u201353).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Accounts differ on when the law was first implemented. Tun Tun Aung (Citation2007<\/a>, 278) says 1985; Aye Chan (Citation2005<\/a>, 413), 1987. U Kyaw Min (Interview, Yangon, July 18, 2015) says that the new regime was not rolled out on the border of Bangladesh until 1989. His account is consistent with state documentation showing renewed interest in firm application of the 1982 law and its regulations under the junta that seized government in 1988. See State Law and Order Restoration Council Letter No. 057\/1-1\/NaWaTa, August 24, 1989 (in Burmese), circulated to the chairmen of military councils in all states and divisions, concerning work for the issuance of new identity cards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. The percentage of the Muslim population on the border with Bangladesh holding identity documentation at the time is difficult to estimate. Tonkin (Citation2015<\/a>, 18\u201319) notes that some 65% of repatriates from Bangladesh held green cards. The estimated percentage is complicated by the presence of children under the age of 12 who were not entitled to cards, suggesting that the percentage of eligible returnees holding cards would have been somewhat higher. The returnees reportedly included relatively few young men (Farrer Citation1979<\/a>, 4), who would have had more difficulty getting cards after 1962 than their elders in earlier periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Under pressure from a Rakhine political party, at the end of March 2015 the government cancelled the white cards and replaced them with new interim documentation (President\u2019s Office Notification 19\/2015, February 12, 2015; see Chit Win and Kean Citation2017<\/a>). The card\u2019s annulment might have resolved some of the ambiguity associated with the earlier regime, but the new document in effect confirms the existence of a category of persons that the state refuses to admit to any established legal or political category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. The question of why, for instance, certain groups like the Muslim Kaman (see Nyi Nyi Kyaw Citation2015<\/a>), or Kokang of the border with China (see Maung Aung Myoe Citation2011<\/a>), have obtained nominal recognition on the list of 135 national race groups while the Rohingya have not cannot be answered logically absent of a coherent set of criteria for determining whether or not a group is eligible for membership, or an epistemology permitting the objective identification, classification and perhaps measurement of each group of persons according to these criteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Under the 1982 law, the Council of State had this authority. Its successor military junta assumed the power of the Council of State via the 1988 Adaptation of Expressions Law. Since the 2008 Constitution took effect, presumably authority to make determinations under section 4 would fall to the Union Government, comprising the president, vice presidents, ministers and the attorney general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phyo Win Latt<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1042\u1040\u1041\u1047\u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1000 Nick Cheesman \u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u201cHow in Myanmar \u2018National Races\u2019 Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya\u201d (\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c ‘\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038’ \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u101c\u1032) \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101e\u1031\u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102c \u1016\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1042\u1040\u1041\u1047 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1000 Journal of Contemporary Asia \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1014\u1031\u1037\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u201c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u201d (taingyintha \/ national races) \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u102d\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1000\u103d \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u201c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u201d \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1015\u101d\u1031\u101e\u100f\u102e\u1000\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1021\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 (natural or fixed category) \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 “\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f” (historically contingent political idea) \u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1036\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u101f\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c “\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f” (Citizenship) \u1011\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b \u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1016\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u104f \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (Genealogy of Taingyintha)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 Genealogy \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1000\u103b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u101a\u1030\u1006\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101c\u102c\u101e\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b \u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1001\u102b\u1005 \u1000\u102c\u101c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b\u102c\u1019\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101d\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1038”\u104a “\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030”\u104a \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a “\u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1041\u1040 \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1041\u1049\u1042\u1040 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1006\u1031\u1038\u101d\u102b\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u100a\u103a\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1025\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1015\u101e\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 (Non-aliens) \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1014\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1015\u103c \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1044\u1047 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1010\u101c\u100a\u103a \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1015\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a \u1026\u1038\u1014\u102f\u1000 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1001\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1012\u102e\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1019\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1041\u1049\u1046\u1044 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a (\u1014\u1031\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1041\u1049\u1046\u1044 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1016\u1031\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101d\u102b\u101b\u102e \u1041\u1042 \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u104a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u102d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1005\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u1036\u1000\u103c\u1019\u1039\u1019\u102c\u101f\u102c \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032 \u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1005\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1005\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a \u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u104a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u101f\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b \u101e\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1046\u1044 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1012\u1019\u102e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000 \u1026\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1041\u1049\u1049\u1040 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1041\u1049\u1048\u1048 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101d\u102b\u1012 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u100a\u102e\u100a\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1019\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u101b\u1031\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b “\u1017\u1019\u102c” \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 “\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c” \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101d\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1017\u1019\u102c\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1036\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 “Myanmafication” (\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Taxonomic Troubles)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1005\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1041\u1043\u1045 \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1002\u100f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1049\u1040 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 “\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1041\u1043\u1045 \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1012\u102e \u1041\u1043\u1045 \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1041\u1049\u1048\u1043 \u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e \u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1002\u100f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1043\u1041 \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1041\u1049\u1045\u1043-\u1045\u1044 \u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1012\u102b\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1036\u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f (political fiction) \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1042\u1040\u1041\u1044-\u1042\u1040\u1041\u1045 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u103c\u100b\u1039\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u103d\u1032\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1000\u103b \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1019\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c “\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u102d\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101d\u1031\u101d\u102b\u1038\u101d\u102b\u1038 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b \u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u102c\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102c\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (National Race Surpasses Citizenship)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102e\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1042\u1040\u1040\u1048 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101f\u102c “\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u102c\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1041\u1049\u1048\u1042 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1044\u1048 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c “\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f” \u1000 \u1015\u1011\u1019\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1042 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103a (\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103a) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\/\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101c\u1031\u1037 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1041\u1049\u1048\u1042 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031 \u1015\u103c\u100b\u1039\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1000 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019 \u1043 \u1021\u101b “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038” \u101e\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1004\u103a\u1019 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031 \u1001\u1036 (gold standard) \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1019\u102d\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1041\u1048\u1042\u1043 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019 \u1045 \u1021\u101b \u1019\u102d\u1018\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u1019\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1030\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u100b\u1039\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1048\u1042 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031 \u1015\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019 \u1046 \u1021\u101b \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1015\u102b \u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1006\u102d\u102f \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1010\u102c\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101b\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u1032\u1037\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u102c (de jure) \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c (de facto) \u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1048\u1040 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1041\u1049\u1049\u1040 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1005\u103a (\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103a) \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101c\u1032\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103a \u1019\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1018\u1032 \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1000\u1010\u103a (White cards – \u1000\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1018\u103d\u1032\u1037\u101b \u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1011\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1000\u1010\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101b\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1010\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (Reproducing the Truth Regime)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104b \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u101b\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102b\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c \u1010\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u103d\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1041\u1043\u1045 \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000 \u1001\u103b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (truth regime) \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101d\u1031\u1016\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036 \u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 “\u1004\u102b\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1041\u1048\u1042\u1043 \u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1004\u102b\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1016\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038” \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1015\u1032 \u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1026\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1014\u102d\u1002\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Conclusion & Implications)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030 Nick Cheesman \u1000 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u101f\u102c \u101e\u102c\u1019\u1014\u103a “\u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c” \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u104a “\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038” \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1000\u103b \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u101f\u102c “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101f\u1030\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c” (national-races problem) \u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1015\u100b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103e \u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101a\u1031\u1018\u102f\u101a\u103b\u1005\u102c\u1016\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u101b\u101b\u1004\u103a (Explanatory clarification)\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030 \u1019\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104a \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102c\u1015\u102b \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 (\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\/\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a) \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102c \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1007\u1030\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1005\u1005\u103a” \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000 \u101b\u1032\u101b\u1032\u101d\u1036\u1037\u101d\u1036\u1037 \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u104a \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u104a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032 \u1015\u1005\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1000\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1001\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b \u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u104a \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 “\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038” \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u1031\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102c \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u1032 \u1012\u102e\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How in Myanmar \u201cNational Races\u201d Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya Nick Cheesman Pages 461-483 | Published online: 15 Mar 2017 ABSTRACT The idea of \u201cnational races\u201d or taingyintha has animated brutal conflict in Myanmar over who or what is \u201cRohingya.\u201d But because the term is translated from Burmese inconsistently, and because its usage […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[133,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-rights-constitution-federal-democracy-social-nets-minority-rights","category-myanmar-muslims-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8055"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8057,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8055\/revisions\/8057"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}