{"id":7917,"date":"2026-10-04T08:13:03","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T08:13:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=7917"},"modified":"2026-10-04T08:13:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T08:13:19","slug":"before-mandalay-was-mandalay-how-captives-from-ayutthaya-and-arakan-shaped-the-area","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/10\/04\/before-mandalay-was-mandalay-how-captives-from-ayutthaya-and-arakan-shaped-the-area\/","title":{"rendered":"Before Mandalay Was Mandalay: How Captives from Ayutthaya and Arakan Shaped the Area"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Adapted from a Burmese-language post by Htet Naung Oo (Part 1)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mandalay was founded in 1857, but people had lived on its ground for more than a century before. Two waves of war captives, Thai from Ayutthaya and then Rakhine from Arakan, settled in the area under the Konbaung kings. The second wave included Muslim artisans and soldiers whose descendants and mosques are part of Mandalay&#8217;s history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The background: Alaungpaya&#8217;s last campaign<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">King Alaungpaya took the throne in 1752 and united the country, but Ayutthaya (Siam) remained out of reach. He marched on it in 1758 and withdrew when the rains came. In 1759\u201360 he tried again, and Ayutthaya resisted fiercely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the traditional account, the king ordered the city gate blasted open with cannon. The fuse would not light, so the impatient king lit it himself, and the gun burst and wounded him badly. His sons and ministers withdrew toward Burma, and he died near Martaban on 11 May 1760. (Some historians suspect illness rather than the cannon accident, so the cause of death is debated.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His sons carried his body back to his birthplace, Shwebo, burying his entrails at Bilin in present-day Mon State. At each halt they reportedly announced that &#8220;Father Alaungpaya&#8221; had made camp, and the title stuck to him from that journey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His son Naungdawgyi (r. 1760\u201363) succeeded him, followed by Hsinbyushin (r. 1763\u201376), who rebuilt Ava as the capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Thai captives (1760s)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hsinbyushin led a new campaign against Ayutthaya, which fell and was sacked. The Burmese took King Uthumphon, the royal family and a very large number of captives. The author&#8217;s figure is 116,100, but chronicle numbers are often inflated, and modern estimates are lower. The author dates the fall to 1764, but most historians give April 1767.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the king ruled from Ava, the captives were settled nearby along the banks of the Shwetachaung canal. Neither Mandalay nor Amarapura existed yet. The captives travelled by boat to Ava in rotation to perform royal service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They spread crafts across upper Burma, including metalwork, gilding, weaving, glass-mosaic work, lacquerware and astrology. Ayutthayan court dramas (the <em>Rama<\/em> and <em>Inao<\/em> cycles) were translated into Burmese and staged. Court dishes such as <em>mont di<\/em> and <em>shwe htamin<\/em> also entered the Ava court&#8217;s cooking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What survives:<\/strong> Yahaing, a Thai-derived name, was the main captive quarter. South of it, Minthuzu is remembered as the place where Thai princes were cremated. Sand-mound pagodas in the Thai manner still stand in both. King Uthumphon, kept in monk&#8217;s robes at the Paungl\u00e8 monastery, outlived Hsinbyushin and died in Bodawpaya&#8217;s reign. He was cremated by Thai royal custom at Linzin Kon cemetery near Taungthaman Lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Rakhine captives and the Muslim community (1780s)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bodawpaya took the throne in 1782 and founded Amarapura in 1783. In 1784 he sent the Crown Prince to conquer Arakan. The army brought back the Mahamuni Buddha image and over 30,000 captives, including scholars, sculptors and stone carvers. On the advice of the chief monk, the Mahamuni was enshrined north of Amarapura at its present site. The Rakhine captives were settled around it, in quarters south of Yahaing and Minthuzu. The Rakhine king, Maha Thamada, and his queen and family lived nearby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Muslim settlement.<\/strong> Some of the Rakhine sculptors, stone carvers and soldiers were Muslims. They were given:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <em>Kaman<\/em> guard regiments, to protect the Mahamuni<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A quarter of two-house rows (<em>khun hnit ein tan<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A mosque for worship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the account, Bodawpaya himself named the mosque <strong>Shwe Bon Shein<\/strong> (&#8220;mosque of those of glorious fame&#8221;). The Rakhine king and queen are recorded as buried near it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To supply the Mahamuni (night watch, milk, clean water and other service), villages were founded around it, each with its own mosque. They included <strong>Kan, Thohkhan and Taungmyint<\/strong>. The king himself reportedly named Kan, now called Gaing, &#8220;lucky village.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why it matters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By Bodawpaya&#8217;s reign, the area around the future city already had Thai, Rakhine and Muslim communities and the Mahamuni, the country&#8217;s most revered image. When King Mindon founded Mandalay in 1857, he built on settled ground. Part 2 will cover communities dating from the Pagan and Ava eras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>U Kala, <em>Maha Yazawin Gyi<\/em> (Burmese chronicle).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hmannan Yazawin<\/em> (Glass Palace Chronicle), 1829\u201332.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harvey, G. E., <em>History of Burma<\/em> (Longmans, 1925).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Htin Aung, <em>A History of Burma<\/em> (Columbia University Press, 1967).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Myint-U, Thant, <em>The Making of Modern Burma<\/em> (Cambridge University Press, 2001).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lieberman, Victor, <em>Strange Parallels<\/em>, Vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 2003).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wyatt, David K., <em>Thailand: A Short History<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Yale University Press, 2003).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charney, Michael W., <em>Powerful Learning<\/em> (University of Michigan, 2006).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charney, Michael W., <em>Where Jambudipa and Islamdom Converged<\/em> (2004), on Arakan, its Muslims and the Mahamuni.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leider, Jacques P., <em>Le royaume d&#8217;Arakan, Birmanie<\/em> (EFEO, 2004).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/htet.naung.oo.877163?__cft__%5b0%5d=AZgTSQ6N6Y2C__2QqTqhn3F0OXLBlveM7qr1sLD63QJk-3sjX3EGPLU8CeW1jxtQ7-dd1taENawFEXAB-6mDwZwiHxbNFr5TJ7c4rI6jzOEDWPZ3gnmGJ5LqvWC8acAlHo__w1Mtg2QeJFTNaxBqRUjVrlr88ON0-AP8vA2Wr9WFoSzXI1JAGrccMoiDDBQs&amp;__tn__=-UC%2CP-R\">Htet Naung Oo<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1000 \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038 \u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102f\u1036 \u1014\u102d\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1001\u101b\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1041\u1047\u1045\u1042 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u1010\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1016\u101d\u102b\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101b\u101e\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u1047\u1045\u1048 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u1011\u1019\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a \u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u1047\u1045\u1049 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101b\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u101c\u1032 \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1001\u1036\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u1036\u1001\u102b\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u1032\u1019\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1000\u1030 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101b\u1015\u1032\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1032 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1005\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u102e\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1012\u100f\u103a\u101b\u102c\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u103e\u1030\u1038\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1018\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u1047\u1046\u1040 \u1019\u1031\u101c \u1041\u1041 \u101b\u1000\u103a \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1019\u1014\u101a\u103a \u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1016\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1021\u1030\u1000\u101c\u102e\u1006\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1016\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1001\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1007\u102c\u1010\u102d \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1018\u102d\u102f\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u101a\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u101b\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1018\u102e\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1001\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1030\u1000\u101c\u102e\u1006\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1002\u1030\u101e\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1019\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1032<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1014\u1010\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1018\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1001\u101b\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018 \u1001\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1005\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u102b\u1015\u103c\u102e \u2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101e\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1026\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103e \u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1018\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u1032 \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1002\u103c\u102d\u102f\u101f\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1002\u1030\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1002\u1030<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u101a\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1002\u1020\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1026\u1038\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1000 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u1010\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038 ( \u1041\u1047\u1046\u1040 &#8211; \u1041\u1047\u1046\u1043 ) \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1019\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1032 \u1000\u1036\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c \u100a\u102e\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1012\u1030\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038 ( \u1041\u1047\u1046\u1043 &#8211; \u1041\u1047\u1047\u1046 ) \u1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018 \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038 \u2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1014\u1010\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1014\u1015\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u1047\u1046\u1044 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c \u1043 \u101c\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a \u1000\u103b\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1031\u1010\u102e \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103d\u102b\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1010\u1005\u1005\u102e\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u1032\u1037\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1019\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1010\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c\u1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1010\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u101b\u1015\u1030\u101b\u101b\u1031\u102c \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1031\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1010\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u101c\u1032 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\u1000\u103c\u101a\u103a\u1001\u1010\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103d\u102b\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1015\u102f\u1002\u1036\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1000 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u1032\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1032\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1012\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c\u1019\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1021\u102e\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u1015\u103c\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u101b\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1010\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u103d\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u1032 \u1000\u103b\u1014\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1012\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u100a\u102e\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1002\u103c\u102d\u102f\u101f\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u101b\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1025\u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u101b\u101f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c \u101b\u101f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u101c\u1032 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1017\u1012\u102f\u1036\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u1010\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1007\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u101e\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1021\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1002\u103c\u102d\u102f\u101f\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c \u1021\u1001\u102f\u1011\u102d \u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1007\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">( \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u101b\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u1032\u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101b\u101f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u1032 \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1005\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1015\u102b )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a \u101b\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102c\u1011\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1030\u1007\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1032\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1031\u1010\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u101c\u1032 \u1021\u1001\u102f\u1011\u102d\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u102e \u1019\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1031\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a \u1019\u102c\u1005\u1000\u1015\u103a \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1011\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1000\u101c\u1032 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018 \u1018\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1017\u1012\u102f\u1036\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038 \u2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1005\u1009\u1037\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1047 \u101b\u1000\u103a \u1016\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102e\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e \u1018\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1017\u1012\u102f\u1036\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1041\u1047\u1048\u1042 \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1017\u1012\u102f\u1036\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1041\u1047\u1048\u1043 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1019\u101b\u1015\u1030\u101b\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u1047\u1048\u1044 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1025\u1015\u101b\u102c\u1007\u102c \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1019\u102f\u1014\u102d\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1000\u103d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1021\u1019\u101b\u1015\u1030\u101b\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1019\u101b\u1015\u1030\u101b\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1015\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1001\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1019\u102f\u1014\u102d\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u101a\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102c\u101e\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1010\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u102d\u1016\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u1032 \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1000\u1019\u103e \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1019\u102f\u1014\u102d\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1000\u1019\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1005\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u101c\u1032 \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101d\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1017\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1000\u103d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1017\u101c\u102e\u101d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1018\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u101d\u102b\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1017\u101c\u102e\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1018\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1017\u101c\u102e\u1018\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1017\u1012\u102f\u1036\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u102d\u1016\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1010\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101c\u1032 \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1018\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u1032 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101e\u1002\u103c\u102d\u102f\u101f\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u1032 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u100a\u1021\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u101b\u1031\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1000\u1036\u101b\u103d\u102c \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1036\u101b\u103d\u102c \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101d\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1017\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103d\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1000 \u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1000\u1036\u101b\u103d\u102c ( \u101a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1002\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c ) \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u1036\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101b\u103d\u102c\u101f\u102f \u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1019\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a \u1015\u1011\u1019 \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1019\u102f\u1014\u102d\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1000\u103d \u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1019\u1036\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u1032 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u102f\u1002\u1036\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u101b\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1026\u1038\u1019\u101a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 ( \u1042 ) \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1026\u1038 ( Prince )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"621\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-23-1024x621.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7918\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-23-1024x621.png 1024w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-23-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-23-768x466.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-23-1536x931.png 1536w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-23.png 1776w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adapted from a Burmese-language post by Htet Naung Oo (Part 1) Mandalay was founded in 1857, but people had lived on its ground for more than a century before. Two waves of war captives, Thai from Ayutthaya and then Rakhine from Arakan, settled in the area under the Konbaung kings. The second wave included Muslim [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7918,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-myanmar-muslims-history","category-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7917","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7917"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7917\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7919,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7917\/revisions\/7919"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7917"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7917"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7917"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}