{"id":7892,"date":"2026-10-02T10:32:03","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T10:32:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=7892"},"modified":"2026-10-02T13:33:51","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T13:33:51","slug":"federalism-and-decentralization-plain-language-explanation-and-fact-check","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/10\/02\/federalism-and-decentralization-plain-language-explanation-and-fact-check\/","title":{"rendered":"Federalism and Decentralization: Plain-Language Explanation and Fact Check"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I wrote this from memory without live searches, and some Malaysian details are still developing, so please verify the items I flag before publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-13-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7893\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-13-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-13-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-13-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-13-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-13.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. What the article says, in plain terms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Myo Nyunt makes four points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>&#8220;Decentralization&#8221; is a slippery word.<\/strong> It covers four different things. <em>Deconcentration<\/em> means head office keeps all decisions and only sends staff to branch offices. <em>Delegation<\/em> means the center lends some authority and can take it back. <em>Devolution<\/em> means real powers are given to local governments, but the center still holds sovereignty and can legally take them back. <em>Privatization<\/em> means handing services to the private sector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Devolution is not federalism.<\/strong> In devolution, power is a gift from the center and can be withdrawn. In federalism, power is shared by the constitution itself, so the center cannot cancel a state&#8217;s powers on its own.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Other countries&#8217; experience.<\/strong> Spain, Kenya, South Africa, Iraq, and Nepal each shared power differently after conflict or dictatorship. The lessons are that money must be shared clearly, local administrators need real capacity, and an independent constitutional court must settle disputes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Myanmar&#8217;s trap.<\/strong> Past &#8220;decentralization&#8221; was a gift from the generals, so ethnic regions never trusted it. Neither side trusts the other, and each fears the other will cheat, which is a prisoner&#8217;s-dilemma situation. His answer is <strong>fiscal federalism<\/strong>: write the sharing of taxes and resource revenue into the constitution. Then promises become binding rules and trust is no longer needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-14-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7894\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-14-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-14-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-14-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-14-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-14.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Fact check of the article<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mostly sound, with a few caveats:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Spain<\/strong> is formally a unitary state, but with 17 autonomous communities it works much like a federation. Catalonia&#8217;s 2017 crisis shows that unequal autonomy can still produce tension.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kenya<\/strong>: 47 counties under the 2010 constitution, after the 2007\u201308 post-election violence. Correct.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>South Africa<\/strong> is usually called &#8220;quasi-federal&#8221; or a system of &#8220;cooperative government.&#8221; It is not formally a federation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Iraq<\/strong>: 2005 constitution, with Kurdistan as a region. Oil revenue-sharing disputes there are long-running. Correct.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nepal<\/strong>: federal republic since 2015, with 7 provinces. Correct.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Game theory<\/strong>: &#8220;prisoner&#8217;s dilemma&#8221; and &#8220;zero-sum&#8221; are technically different things, but the main idea of a credible commitment is valid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Missing point<\/strong>: fiscal federalism alone doesn&#8217;t solve things. Resource-rich and resource-poor states need an equalization system, which is exactly your Malaysia point.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-15-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7895\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-15-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-15-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-15-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-15-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-15.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Myanmar points to double-check<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;Federal Shan States&#8221; is an aspiration, not an existing structure. It&#8217;s safer to say &#8220;Shan areas with significant self-administration.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wa State (UWSA) is de facto self-governing, and the Arakan Army controls most of Rakhine. &#8220;Confederate&#8221; is not a formal term, so &#8220;de facto autonomous&#8221; is safer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 1947 Constitution gave Shan and Kayah states a right of secession after ten years. The 1962 coup ended that system. This history is worth including.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Many countries have found that when regions differ in resources, history, and identity, stability comes from clear, constitutionally protected power- and revenue-sharing. Malaysia offers a thoughtful example of this ongoing conversation: its constitution and the 1963 Malaysia Agreement provide a framework in which Sabah, Sarawak, and the peninsular states discuss revenue shares, representation, and autonomy through negotiation, courts, and elections. I mention this with respect and only as a point of learning for Myanmar, where we also began as a union by agreement at Panglong in 1947. Myanmar&#8217;s challenge is to rebuild that spirit by writing fair revenue-sharing and self-rule into a binding constitution, with an equalization system so that states without minerals are not left behind.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-16-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7896\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-16-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-16-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-16-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-16-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-16.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Federalism examples that work<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Country<\/th><th>Key feature<\/th><th>Lesson<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>USA<\/strong><\/td><td>Powers reserved to states by the 10th Amendment; strong courts<\/td><td>Needed the Civil War and long struggles to settle limits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Australia<\/strong><\/td><td>Commonwealth Grants Commission shares GST to equalize<\/td><td>Mining-rich Western Australia complained of unfairness, so the rules were adjusted. Very similar to Sarawak&#8217;s debate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Canada<\/strong><\/td><td>Equalization payments; Quebec&#8217;s distinct status<\/td><td>Alberta oil and Quebec referendums show peaceful bargaining<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/td><td>L\u00e4nder equalization system; states share in federal law-making<\/td><td>Rich states support poorer ones by agreed formula<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Switzerland<\/strong><\/td><td>26 cantons, four languages, referenda<\/td><td>Small, diverse groups coexist through shared power<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>India<\/strong><\/td><td>Finance Commission every 5 years; states drawn largely on language lines<\/td><td>Works well, but critics cite center-state friction and the 2019 Kashmir change<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Belgium<\/strong><\/td><td>Language-based regions<\/td><td>Complicated but peaceful<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cautionary cases<\/strong>: Ethiopia&#8217;s ethnic federalism (with a secession clause) led to the Tigray war, and Iraq&#8217;s resource disputes continue. These show that unclear revenue rules and ethnic-only borders are risky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mnyunt?__cft__%5b0%5d=AZjjl22hi9aQBmZIGCUVAjxZOqgK3slDEBBO7NAkv8ZI3DQB91llPxxSY0S3qENgw_h6Q8-bUxUv3yQaJ82KqTiUOzuSUVqt9WhDZ3kfnucPUCGw9mFAJMKbQZb5iM9TUGwXgSMnkQXGaP7MjOTv&amp;__tn__=-UC%2CP-R\">Myo Nyunt<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1038?\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u101c\u1030\u1011\u1006\u102e\u1000\u101c\u102c\u101e\u101c\u102c\u1038?\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038-\u1041<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Decentralization \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b\u102c (Context) \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b Terminology (\u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b) \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038-\u1041<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u1030\u101d\u102b\u1012\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a: &#8220;\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038&#8221; \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a &#8220;\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038&#8221; \u101f\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. IT \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038 (Blockchain) \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a: &#8220;\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1019\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a&#8221; \u101f\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c Decentralization (\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 (\u1044) \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u104b Deconcentration (\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \/ \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1012\u102b\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u100c\u102c\u1014\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101b\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u100c\u102c\u1014\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1002\u102b\u101b\u1015\u103a: \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1019\u1030\u101d\u102b\u1012\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1042\u104b Delegation (\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \/ \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u1010\u102e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1036\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1002\u102b\u101b\u1015\u103a: \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101b\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1043\u104b Devolution (\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1012\u102b\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c Decentralization \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1011\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Local Governments) \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1002\u102b\u101b\u1015\u103a: \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u104f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1044\u104b Privatization \/ Deregulation (\u1015\u102f\u1002\u1039\u1002\u101c\u102d\u1000\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \/ \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038)\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038-\u1042<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1037\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c &#8211; \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u104a \u101b\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1002\u1039\u1002\u101c\u102d\u1000 \u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d \uff08Private Sector\uff09 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (NGOs) \u1011\u1036\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devolution \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a Federalism (\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a) \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u104f \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a (Origin of Power) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f (Legal Permanence) \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devolution \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a Federalism \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u104b \u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038-\u1043<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u104f \u1021\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Devolution \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u104c\u101e\u102c \u1005\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u104d \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1000 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Federalism \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1030 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1030\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000 \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u104d \u1019\u101b\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u100b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \uff08Transition Countries\uff09 \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a Devolution \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a Federalism \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104f \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f \u1019\u1010\u1030\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1021 \u1011\u100a\u103a \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u104b Devolution \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devolution \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (Unitary State) \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1018\u1032 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1005\u1015\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 (Spain):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u104b \u1016\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u104f \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1041\u1049\u1047\u1048 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1005\u1015\u102d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a Unitary State \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 Autonomies System \u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e \u1041\u1047 \u1001\u102f\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u104b \u1000\u102c\u1010\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c (Catalonia) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u102c\u1005\u1001\u103a (Basque) \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f-\u1012\u1031\u101e \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1000\u1004\u103a\u100a\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 (Kenya):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u104b \u1042\u1040\u1040\u1047 \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1042\u1040\u1041\u1040 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1005\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a (County) \u1044\u1047 \u1001\u102f\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 Devolution \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u104b \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u101e\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1037\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103d\u1036\u1037\u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1002\u1010\u102d\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u100a\u103a (Capacity) \u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1042\u104b Federalism \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Federalism \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u100b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1016\u101b\u102d\u1000\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 (South Africa):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u104b \u1021\u1015\u102b\u101e\u102c\u1021\u102d\u1012\u103a (\u1021\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f) \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1041\u1049\u1049\u1046 \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a \u1049 \u1001\u102f\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c Cooperative Federalism (\u1015\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u104b \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1021\u102e\u101b\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 (Iraq):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u104b \u1042\u1040\u1040\u1043 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1042\u1040\u1040\u1045 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u102c\u1012\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1010\u1014\u103a (Kurdistan) \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u104b \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f\/\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u101a\u1036\u1007\u102c\u1010 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1014\u102e\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 (Nepal):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u104b \u1015\u1012\u1031\u101e\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1007\u103a \u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1021\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1042\u1040\u1041\u1045 \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a \u101e\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1010\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">o \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u104b \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (Economic Viability) \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1001\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1043\u104b \u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Key Takeaways)\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u104b \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \uff08Fiscal Decentralization\uff09\u104b \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1031 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101e\u101a\u1036\u1007\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u102b \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u103d\u1032\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1042\u104b \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u100a\u103a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \uff08Capacity Building\uff09\u104b \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u102e \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1021\u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1021\u1002\u1010\u102d\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1043\u104b \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102e\u101b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d \uff08Role of Judiciary\uff09\u104b \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1001\u102f\u1036\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1038 (Constitutional Court) \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104f \u1015\u1011\u101d\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1015\u100b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u100b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1018\u1032 \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1001\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u1030\u101d\u102b\u1012\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u103d\u1032\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u104b \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Power-Sharing Frameworks)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u1000) \u1018\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a (Multi-dimensional Power-Sharing)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f (Political Power-Sharing): \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u100a\u102e\u100a\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u100a\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u101e\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f (Territorial Power-Sharing \/ Federalism): \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1021\u102c\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f (Fiscal Power-Sharing): \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u101a\u1036\u1007\u102c\u1010\u1019\u103e \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101d\u1004\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u1001) \u1019\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (Asymmetric Federalism)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038 (Capacity) \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c &#8211; \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038) \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1042\u104b \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Key Challenges)\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038-\u1044<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1043\u104b \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u104b \u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031 \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a (Interim Constitutional Framework): \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036 \u1019\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102e \u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1042\u104b \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1019\u103e \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (Bottom-up Approach): \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1019\u103e \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104d \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1043\u104b \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1011\u1030\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038: \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a (Fiscal Commission) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1001\u102f\u1036\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1030\u101d\u102b\u1012\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a Fiscal Federalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038-\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 (Political Economy) \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1041\u104b &#8220;\u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a&#8221; (Semantic \/ Conceptual Trap) \u1019\u103e \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038&gt;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1010\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a Decentralization (\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a) Devolution \u101f\u102f \u1021\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a &#8220;\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\/\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038&#8221; (Benevolent\/Top-down Grant) \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102c \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1011\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1000 \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u104d \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1000 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u104f \u1005\u102d\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d \u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102c \u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100b\u1039\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1042\u104b \u1018\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c (Game-Theoretic Problem) \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u101e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\/\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1001\u1036 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102e\u1021\u102d\u102f\u101b\u102e (Game Theory) \u1021\u101b &#8220;\u101e\u1036\u101e\u101a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a \u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038&#8221; (Prisoner&#8217;s Dilemma \/ Zero-Sum Game) \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u104f \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104b \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\/\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104b \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u104f \u1002\u1010\u102d\u1000\u101d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a Decentralization \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1026\u1038\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c (Zero-Sum \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a Negative-Sum) \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u100b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001 \u101e\u1036\u101e\u101b\u102c\u1011\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1043\u104b Fiscal Federalism \u1000 \u1024\u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fiscal Federalism (\u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a) \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1014\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 &#8220;\u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f&#8221; \u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u104f \u1021\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \uff08Structural Commitment\uff09\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a (Taxing Power)\u104a \u101e\u101a\u1036\u1007\u102c\u1010 \u101b\u1004\u103d\u1031 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038 (Resource Revenue Sharing) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f (Intergovernmental Transfers) \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1021\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u102c \u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1018\u1032 Self-enforcing Game (\u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a) \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1019\u103e \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c (Bottom-Up Bargaining)\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fiscal Federalism \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u101e\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1012\u1031\u101e\u104f \u1016\u103d\u1036\u1037\u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038 (Fiscal Autonomy) \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u104f &#8220;\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\/\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f&#8221; \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u102e\u1021\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1014\u1031\u101b\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Win-Win Game \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1000\u103c\u1036\u1037\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1016\u103d\u1036\u1037\u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u104f \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u1011\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102f (Positive-Sum Game) \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u100a\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (Centrally Planned System) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a &#8220;Decentralization&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u104c \u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1019\u1014\u1031\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c Fiscal Federalism (\u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a) \u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u101a\u1036\u1007\u102c\u1010\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u102c\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u101e\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104f \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u102d\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1007\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u100a\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u100a\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a(\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1000\u102c\u1019\u102c\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102b\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101b\u1002\u1030)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c\u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101a\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038-\u1042 \u1002\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102e\u101d\u101b\u102e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1000\u1010\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102e\u101d\u101b\u102e\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/kerrypwl?__cft__[0]=AZjCwoFc7ixuNSLUaelzSmQRU2mK6FAf1kb-xcHT2a4YhaepsU0idmsqoqk8IoWrxZDwnMdM8ktO-LsZs3sc8tKKL__Y_OwvHMnjYq3ubyyo3sitgt20P_RIakmvspZqd1bmfV49SvfTHRuk6KpSN4FLWbLeCUeuQ4JUt2dZJk21VH3Rv1TqWB1-aansYv8jhw&amp;__tn__=-]C%2CP-R\">Phyo Win Latt<\/a><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 &#8216;\u1000\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102e\u1015\u102b \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102e\u1038&#8217; \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101b\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1012\u102e &#8216;\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102f&#8217; \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f &#8216;\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1005\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1030&#8217; \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c \u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u1010\u102f\u1021\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1032\u101b\u1032\u101d\u1036\u1037\u101d\u1036\u1037 \u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7902\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-18.png 960w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-18-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/image-18-768x419.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I wrote this from memory without live searches, and some Malaysian details are still developing, so please verify the items I flag before publishing. 1. What the article says, in plain terms Dr. Myo Nyunt makes four points: 2. Fact check of the article Mostly sound, with a few caveats: Myanmar points to double-check &#8220;Many [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[133,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-rights-constitution-federal-democracy-social-nets-minority-rights","category-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7892"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7892\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7903,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7892\/revisions\/7903"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}