{"id":6943,"date":"2026-07-18T04:01:16","date_gmt":"2026-07-18T04:01:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=6943"},"modified":"2026-07-18T04:37:47","modified_gmt":"2026-07-18T04:37:47","slug":"the-missing-culture-of-dialogue-in-myanmar-why-our-nation-has-endured-nearly-eight-decades-of-civil-war-and-how-we-can-build-a-lasting-peace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/07\/18\/the-missing-culture-of-dialogue-in-myanmar-why-our-nation-has-endured-nearly-eight-decades-of-civil-war-and-how-we-can-build-a-lasting-peace\/","title":{"rendered":"The Missing Culture of Dialogue in Myanmar: Why Our Nation Has Endured Nearly Eight Decades of Civil War\u2014and How We Can Build a Lasting Peace"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>By Dr. Abdul Rahman Zafrudin @ Ko Ko Gyi (MMNN English Editor)<\/strong><br><em>(Based on an original Burmese article by Chan Ko Win, with additional analysis and commentary.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-156-819x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6946\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-156-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-156-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-156-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-156.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Myanmar has experienced almost continuous political conflict since independence in 1948. Coups, revolutions, armed resistance, ethnic conflicts, authoritarian governments, and repeated cycles of violence have become tragic features of our national history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many political, military, ethnic, and economic factors have contributed to this long crisis. Yet beneath these visible causes lies a deeper problem that is rarely discussed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Myanmar has never successfully developed a strong culture of dialogue.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of solving disagreements through consultation, negotiation, compromise, and consensus, we have repeatedly relied on force, coercion, and military victory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, one revolution gives birth to another, one coup invites another resistance, and one generation simply inherits the conflicts of the previous generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After nearly eighty years, there are no true winners\u2014only millions of ordinary people who continue to suffer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Has Dialogue Been So Weak?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The original Burmese article identifies four major historical reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. A Deeply Entrenched Hierarchical Culture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For centuries Myanmar society was organized around unquestioned authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within many families, fathers made final decisions without discussion. Children were expected to obey rather than express independent opinions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, under successive monarchies, consultation rarely extended beyond the royal court. Even when councils existed, they generally served to implement the king&#8217;s wishes rather than represent the people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This long tradition produced a political culture where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>authority speaks,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>subordinates obey,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disagreement is viewed as disrespect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Such habits do not disappear overnight. They continue to influence politics today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. A Memorization-Based Education System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Myanmar historically achieved impressive literacy rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, education emphasized memorization rather than critical thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Students learned to repeat correct answers instead of asking difficult questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This approach produced generations skilled at recalling information but less accustomed to constructive debate, evidence-based reasoning, or challenging assumptions respectfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Critical thinking is not the enemy of tradition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather, it strengthens wisdom by testing ideas against truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Viewing Different Opinions as Enemies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-157.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-157.png 720w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-157-300x216.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the most destructive habit is equating disagreement with disloyalty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Too often our political culture has followed this logic:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;If you disagree with me, you are against me.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of seeing opponents as fellow citizens with different perspectives, they become enemies to be defeated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This mentality has appeared across Myanmar&#8217;s political spectrum at different times and under different governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whenever any group believes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;Only we are right,&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Only we represent the nation,&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Everyone else is a traitor,&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>dialogue becomes impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Violence then replaces discussion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Generations of Political Repression<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Successive governments have often restricted freedom of expression, independent media, civil society, and open political debate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fear discourages honest discussion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without opportunities for peaceful disagreement, frustration accumulates until it eventually explodes into conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This creates a vicious cycle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Authoritarianism \u2192 resentment \u2192 resistance \u2192 military response \u2192 deeper polarization \u2192 renewed conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Breaking this cycle requires rebuilding trust\u2014not merely changing governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dialogue Begins at Home<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dialogue is not only something presidents, generals, or political leaders should practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It begins:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>between husband and wife,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>between parents and children,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>between teachers and students,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>between neighbours,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>within religious communities,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inside political parties,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and throughout civil society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A nation that cannot discuss peacefully within families will struggle to negotiate peacefully between armies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Healthy democratic culture grows from the bottom upward\u2014not merely from the top downward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Buddha&#8217;s Teaching on National Prosperity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The importance of consultation is deeply rooted in Buddhist teachings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the <strong>Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101na Sutta (D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya 16)<\/strong>, the Buddha described the <strong>Seven Conditions of Welfare (Aparih\u0101niya Dhamma)<\/strong> for the Vajji Confederacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among these principles were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>meeting together frequently;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>assembling in harmony;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>conducting public affairs through unity and consultation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddha taught that as long as these principles were maintained, the Vajjis would prosper rather than decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These teachings remain remarkably relevant for modern democratic governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Islamic Teachings: Sh\u016br\u0101 (Mutual Consultation)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Islam also places consultation at the heart of good governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Qur&#8217;an praises believers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;Their affairs are conducted by mutual consultation (sh\u016br\u0101).&#8221;<br><strong>(Qur&#8217;an 42:38)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Allah also instructed Prophet Muhammad \ufdfa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;&#8230;consult them in matters. Then when you have decided, place your trust in Allah.&#8221;<br><strong>(Qur&#8217;an 3:159)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Sh\u016br\u0101 encourages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sincere advice,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>active listening,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>respectful disagreement,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>consultation with knowledgeable people,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>seeking the common good,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and accepting consensus even when it differs from one&#8217;s personal preference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Leadership in Islam is therefore balanced by accountability rather than arbitrary power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dialogue in Other Religious Traditions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The value of consultation is shared across the world&#8217;s major faiths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Judaism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Book of Proverbs teaches:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;Plans fail for lack of counsel, but with many advisers they succeed.&#8221;<br><em>(Proverbs 15:22)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Rabbinic Judaism developed centuries of respectful debate through the Talmud, demonstrating that differing opinions can be a path toward truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Christianity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jesus taught peaceful conflict resolution through direct dialogue (Matthew 18:15).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The early Church resolved major disagreements through consultation at the <strong>Council of Jerusalem<\/strong> (Acts 15), where apostles debated openly before reaching consensus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hinduism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of Hinduism&#8217;s greatest scriptures are themselves dialogues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Bhagavad Gita<\/strong> is a conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, illustrating that sincere questioning is essential in the search for wisdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancient Hindu political traditions also emphasized kings consulting ministers and advisers before making important decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dialogue Is a Universal Human Value<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These remarkable similarities remind us that consultation is not merely a Western democratic concept.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a timeless human principle shared by Buddhism, Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, and many other traditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Civilizations flourish not because everyone thinks alike, but because they know how to disagree without destroying one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Myanmar Needs a New Political Culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Military victories rarely eliminate political grievances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Revolutions alone cannot erase distrust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Constitutions cannot survive without mutual confidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peace agreements cannot last without public participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Myanmar&#8217;s future therefore depends less on who wins the next battle than on whether we can finally learn to listen to one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Our Proposal: The Five Cs Peace Framework<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>MMNN respectfully proposes that all stakeholders\u2014including the State Administration Council (SAC), the National Unity Government (NUG), Ethnic Resistance Organizations (EROs), People&#8217;s Defence Forces (PDFs), registered political parties, religious leaders, civil society, women, youth, and representatives of all ethnic and religious communities\u2014consider adopting the following framework:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Ceasefire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An immediate nationwide ceasefire monitored by impartial observers acceptable to all parties, allowing humanitarian assistance to reach civilians and creating the conditions necessary for dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Conciliation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Professional mediation supported by trusted national, regional, and international partners to reduce hostility, narrow differences, and encourage practical compromise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Consensus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inclusive political dialogue involving every major stakeholder in Myanmar&#8217;s future. Durable peace cannot be achieved by excluding any significant political or ethnic actor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Constitution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Agreement on constitutional reforms establishing a genuine federal democratic union based on equal citizenship, minority rights, judicial independence, the rule of law, accountable civilian institutions, and shared national ownership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Confidence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rebuilding trust through humanitarian assistance, reconstruction, economic recovery, security sector reform, voluntary return of internally displaced persons and refugees, national reconciliation, transitional justice where appropriate, and eventually free and fair elections under credible domestic and international observation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Transitional National Consensus Government<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To implement these objectives, Myanmar should seriously consider establishing a <strong>Transitional National Consensus Government (TNCG)<\/strong> with a clearly defined and time-limited mandate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such a transitional administration could oversee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>implementation of the ceasefire,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>constitutional negotiations,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>humanitarian coordination,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>institutional reforms,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>confidence-building measures,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and preparations for genuinely free and fair elections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Its legitimacy would derive not from military victory or revolutionary success alone, but from broad national consensus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Myanmar has spent nearly eight decades trying to solve political problems through armed struggle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>History has demonstrated that no side has been able to achieve a complete or lasting victory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The greatest victory now would not be defeating one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It would be defeating hatred, fear, mistrust, and the culture of refusing to listen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If dialogue becomes our new national habit\u2014from our homes and schools to our religious institutions and political leadership\u2014Myanmar can finally break the cycle of coups, revolutions, and civil war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>May all parties find the courage to replace bullets with dialogue, vengeance with reconciliation, and division with unity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only then can Myanmar become a peaceful, democratic, federal Union where every citizen\u2014regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political belief\u2014can live together with justice, dignity, and hope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&#8220;Peace is not achieved when one side silences the other. Peace begins when every side is finally willing to listen.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/4cornerforum?__cft__[0]=AZYWYHDX2o54LAn6wUKp_DtjKYy6ZvlinwZNiGnkkt1u5Vj7kwXP6KqMSGf7QIzvjWzJi-BY-jsjGw2SA9cVIUyZE_X8t6HUg5MxCrvgIWhYuDiUhhvIjvGyUJQU43VLWfWAjsL0NY8CrJi5Jg__vaj2-8vGTagIi_1ia55psW3QcAo_RZ1Td4F7mc0rx9UiG4c&amp;__tn__=-UC%2CP-y-R\"><strong>Four Corners &#8211; \u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1011\u1004\u103a\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1019\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101c\u1032<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a 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\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102c\u104a &#8220;\u1004\u102b\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1004\u102b\u1037\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101d\u102b\u1012 (Hypocrisy) \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037 (Dialogue) \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1018\u1032\u104a \u101b\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1019\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1032 \u1015\u101b\u102d\u1015\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101e\u1036\u101e\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 &#8220;\u1004\u102b\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u1010\u1030 \u101b\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1030&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 (Micro-level) \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e\u104a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1021\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 (Macro-level) \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1010\u1030\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f &#8220;\u1004\u102b\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u101e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u104a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u102d\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u101a\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 (Moral High Ground \u1015\u103c\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038) \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102c \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102b\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a \u1016\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037 (Inclusive Dialogue) \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 (Cronyism\/Nepotism) \u101d\u102b\u1012\u104a \u1004\u102b\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1004\u102b\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101d\u102b\u1012\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u102c\u1018\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1018\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 (Corruption) \u1011\u1030\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 (Rule of Law) \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1030\u104a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1030\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1006\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1019\u1010\u1010\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1032\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1012\u102e\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037 (Dialogue) \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1010\u102c\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u102d\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1010\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (\u1044) \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1000\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1019\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1021\u102f\u1036\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103e \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103b\u102e\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1000\u1018\u1032\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1016\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1019\u1031\u104a \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1019\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1019\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u104a \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1005\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036 (Micro-level) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103e \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101f\u102c \u1021\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u101c\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c &#8220;\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f (Macro) \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1000\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u1032 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c\u104a \u1019\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u1031\u1037\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a (Micro-level) \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a (Macro-level) \u1019\u103e\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1019\u1031\u1037\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1011\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u101e\u102c \u1021\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u1002\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\u25aa\ufe0f\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/t4c\/1\/16\/25aa.png\">\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dr. Abdul Rahman Zafrudin @ Ko Ko Gyi (MMNN English Editor)(Based on an original Burmese article by Chan Ko Win, with additional analysis and commentary.) Myanmar has experienced almost continuous political conflict since independence in 1948. Coups, revolutions, armed resistance, ethnic conflicts, authoritarian governments, and repeated cycles of violence have become tragic features of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6944,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,7,6,133,127,1,130,11,10,16,123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anti-racism","category-articles","category-history","category-human-rights-constitution-federal-democracy-social-nets-minority-rights","category-islam-hope-allah-swt","category-local-news","category-motivation","category-myanmar-muslims-history","category-news","category-opinion","category-story"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6943","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6943"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6943\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6949,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6943\/revisions\/6949"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6944"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6943"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6943"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6943"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}