{"id":6896,"date":"2026-07-13T04:14:54","date_gmt":"2026-07-13T04:14:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=6896"},"modified":"2026-07-13T04:17:12","modified_gmt":"2026-07-13T04:17:12","slug":"burmanization-as-forced-assimilation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/07\/13\/burmanization-as-forced-assimilation\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Burmanization&#8221; as Forced Assimilation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Balancing administrative feasibility<\/strong> with the critical need <strong>to undo decades of forced linguistic assimilation<\/strong> is one of the toughest challenges <strong>in building a true federal democracy. Decoupling the central working languages from autonomous state language policies<\/strong> remains one of the most statistically viable paths to achieving that balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Core Issue: &#8220;Burmanization&#8221; as Forced Assimilation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Prohibited Language Policy:<\/strong> A central component of what ethnic minorities define as <strong>Burmanization<\/strong> is the systemic pressure\u2014both historically and presently\u2014forcing them to learn and use Burmese (Myanmar) as the sole official language. Concurrently, they have faced structural prohibitions and active suppression regarding the learning, teaching, and administrative use of their own native languages and localized dialects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>A Weaponized Identity:<\/strong> The author, Phyo Win Latt, notes that the state has historically weaponized the majority Bamar-Buddhist-Male identity. Minorities do not view the enforcement of a singular &#8220;Civic Nationalism&#8221; or a uniform national language as a neutral step toward unity; instead, they view it as <strong>&#8220;Consent Burmanization&#8221;<\/strong>\u2014a cold, systemic absorption designed to erase their distinct identities without firing a bullet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The &#8220;Accent Penalty&#8221;:<\/strong> Because the state apparatus is structurally Burmanized, ethnic minorities who do not speak perfect, unaccented Burmese face hidden daily inequalities, including severe social and economic disadvantages (an unofficial &#8220;accent tax&#8221;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Overcoming the Dialect Fragmentation &amp; Language Lock<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Practical Hurdle:<\/strong> While ethnic states want autonomy, the sheer volume of fragmented sub-dialects (e.g., within the Chin, Kachin, and Shan groups) makes declaring a single local official language structurally chaotic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Four-Language Framework Compromise:<\/strong> To break the forced reliance on Burmese while acknowledging internal dialect diversity, you propose a transitional framework modeled after multilingual nations like India or Singapore:\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Myanmar (Burmese)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>English<\/strong> (Serving as a neutral international language; if minorities reject learning Burmese, English provides an easier, highly practical alternative for global and regional integration).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chinese<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Local Ethnic Language of Choice<\/strong> (Determined autonomously by the specific geographic or state demographics).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AI and Tech Integration:<\/strong> With modern AI translation capabilities, bridging the gap between the top three major languages is entirely viable. The onus and freedom can then shift to individual ethnic groups to build targeted translation apps specifically tailored to digitize and preserve their localized sub-dialects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Complex Demographics:<\/strong> Any long-term constitutional solution must realistically accommodate the complex social realities of mixed-ethnic marriages and families residing in completely unrelated dialect zones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data &amp; Strategic Advice on Language Suppression Transitions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When look at states transitioning away from decades of forced language assimilation, several key data points emerge:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Cost of Rigid Monolingualism vs. The Indian Solution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>States that try to enforce a singular language to build &#8220;national unity&#8221; almost always trigger prolonged civil conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Counter-Example:<\/strong> Sri Lanka&#8217;s 1956 &#8220;Sinhala Only Act&#8221; disenfranchised the Tamil minority, directly accelerating a decades-long civil war.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Successful Parallel:<\/strong> <strong>India<\/strong> faced massive linguistic riots post-independence when trying to mandate Hindi. They resolved this via the <strong>Three-Language Formula<\/strong> in education (State Language, Hindi, and English) and the constitution&#8217;s Eighth Schedule. Crucially, India decentralized language policy: the federal government uses English and Hindi, but <em>individual states possess total constitutional autonomy<\/em> to declare their own official regional languages, protecting local populations from top-down cultural erasure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implementing De-Burmanization via Education<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If a future federal system intends to reverse forced Burmanization, data from transitional justice frameworks suggests implementing <strong>Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE)<\/strong>. Studies show that teaching children in their native tongue during early primary years, before gradually introducing a national working language or English, drastically increases literacy rates, reduces school dropout numbers among minority kids, and restores cultural dignity stripped away by previous regimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/kerrypwl?__cft__[0]=AZZAno6Xhoz9A1cKGvcrphTUuCI5iMahx3qcBQkE9VpkLqBxuXynBzdZaA382JAO7KD6lKogPxkDBFFBKPFB616XnI_kFrsR4CsCQAw8mnq5W8bVZpuM8l82VSa3foq41FOFCsOmX8799QlR1GLFuzhwEFHbltk_gLA9leh2StBzlw&amp;__tn__=-]C%2CP-R\">Phyo Win Latt<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/thecallingdigest?__cft__[0]=AZZAno6Xhoz9A1cKGvcrphTUuCI5iMahx3qcBQkE9VpkLqBxuXynBzdZaA382JAO7KD6lKogPxkDBFFBKPFB616XnI_kFrsR4CsCQAw8mnq5W8bVZpuM8l82VSa3foq41FOFCsOmX8799QlR1GLFuzhwEFHbltk_gLA9leh2StBzlw&amp;__tn__=-]C%2CP-R\">The Calling Digest \u1010\u1036\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1007\u1030\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1048 \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1000 \u1010\u1036\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 &#8220;\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1005\u1039\u1006\u102c&#8221; \u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1000 \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102f (Incompatible Interests) \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 (inconvenient truth) \u1000 \u1017\u1019\u102c\/\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (identity formation) \u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a (State) \u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 (Nation) \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u1030\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 (Nation) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a (State) \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1016\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a (imagine) \u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1030\u1019\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a (overlapped \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1018\u1032) \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038 (head-on collision) \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1018\u1032 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1011\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a Civic Nationalism \u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 Win-Win Solution \u101c\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100b\u1039\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u101b \u1021\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u102c \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1019\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102e Civic Nationalism \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u101e\u1031\u1014\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1018\u1032 \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101d\u102b\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a &#8220;\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (Consent Burmanization)&#8221; \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1019\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1019\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1030 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a (Seeing Like a State) \u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1000\u102c\u101c\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a (Nation\/State building process) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (Burmanization) \u1015\u1032 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Civic Nationalism \u101c\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101c\u103e\u101c\u103e\u101c\u1031\u1038 \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1006\u1032\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1012\u102b\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1037\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101d\u102b\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1037\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102e\u1015\u102e\u101e\u101e \u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 &#8220;\u101c\u1031\u101e\u1036 \u1012\u100f\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038 (Accent Penalty)&#8221; \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1019\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1018\u101d \u1019\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a &#8220;\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 Consent Burmanization \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u101e\u101a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1026\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u1010\u1030\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (coming together federalism) \u1011\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d\u101c\u103d\u1015\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036 (loose confederation model) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101b\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101b\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1026\u1038\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u1030\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104a \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1015\u101a\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1005\u1039\u1006\u102c (The Burmanization Puzzle) \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1005\u1039\u1006\u102c\u201d \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104a \u1021\u1005\u102e\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1006\u102e \u1016\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (\u1044) \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1031\u1021\u101e\u1031 (final declarations) \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b Postcolonial state formation (\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038)\u104a transitional justice (\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f) \u1014\u1032\u1037 Federalism \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1032\u1037 intellectually grounded \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 debate \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1041\u104b De-Burmanization\/Decolonization \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a (post-authoritarian) \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a (post-revolutionary) \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c &#8220;De-Burmanization&#8221; (\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1010\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c De-Burmanization \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a \u101e\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1014\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 (romantic return to purity) \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u104a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1001\u103b\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c (state institutions)\u104a \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f (official historiography) \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u1031\u1037\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1018\u101d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c &#8220;\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038&#8221; \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021 \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1031\u1010\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 hegemonic norms \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b (loosen) \u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1000 \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101e\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (identity purisms) \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102d (logic of coercion) \u1021\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u102d\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a institutional and epistemic shifts (\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1010\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1015\u100a\u102c \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101c\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1011\u1014\u103a \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1015\u102b \u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1042\u104b Coercive Burmanization \u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a Reparations (\u1000\u102f\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\/\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038 \u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000 Reparations \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f (coercive assimilation) \u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u100f\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u104a \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1005\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1036\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1015\u102f\u1002\u1039\u1002\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102f\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c Reparations \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u102c (financial compensation) \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b Cultural restoration (\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038)\u104a language rights (\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038)\u104a educational reform (\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f)\u104a historical recognition (\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038)\u104a institutional restructuring (\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1010\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u1014\u1032\u1037 territorial autonomy (\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100b\u1039\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a) \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 guarantees of non-repetition \u1015\u1032 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b \u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 (Self-Burmanization) \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 (mixed-heritage families) \u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1010\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b monolithic \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 &#8220;\u1017\u1019\u102c&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u1031\u1010\u1036\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103d\u1031\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1043\u104b \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 State Mechanisms \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a \u101d\u102b\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a Federal\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a transitional state mechanisms \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u104a \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u104a \u101d\u102b\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c (absorption \/ co-optation) \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1021\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1036 \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101c\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b Burmanized state structures \u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101c\u1032 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (domination) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1010\u1030\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c &#8220;\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u101b \u1010\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 (cultural homogenization) \u1021\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a &#8220;\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038&#8221; \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e \u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1036\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1044\u104b \u201c\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u201d \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b (Essentialism \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1005\u1010\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1011\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 &#8220;those who are unwilling to be Burmanized&#8221; (\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a \u1019\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u1011\u101d\u102e\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021 \u1011\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103b\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a \u1016\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1009\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (exclusion) \u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a essentialism \u101d\u102b\u1012\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1021\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 (state-imposed categorization) \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u101c\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b Elite-driven identity management \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u104a &#8220;Unwillingness&#8221; \u1000\u102d\u102f relational and positional approach (\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a) \u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1001\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1030\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102f (political consent)\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036 (historical experience)\u104a \u1005\u102f\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1009\u102c\u100f\u103a (collective memory)\u104a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1010\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (institutional position) \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (self-identification) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 (unwilling \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037) mixed-heritage \u101c\u1030\u1015\u102f\u1002\u1039\u1002\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 self-identification \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u1021\u1000\u103b \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038 (\u1044) \u1001\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u102f\u1005\u1039\u1006\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036 (historical reconstruction) \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031\u104a \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038 (political imagination) \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1010\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1006\u102e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1032\u1037 Federalism \u1015\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1002\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u101e\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104a \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1010\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1032 \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1005\u102f\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 &#8220;Union of the Unwilling&#8221; (\u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1030 \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f) \u1010\u1001\u102f \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1030\u101c\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1005\u101b\u102c\u1019 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1018\u1032\u104a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102e\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103b\u103e\u101d\u1031\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 (shared sovereignty) \u1021\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 \u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103e\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u101b\u1015\u102b\u101c\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u101f\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1026\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1000\u1030 \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u101b\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1005\u1039\u1006\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1015\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/drkokogyi?comment_id=Y29tbWVudDo5OTE1NjMzMzM2NDkwNTlfMTMyMzQ4MTI4MjgyODE3Ng%3D%3D&amp;__cft__[0]=AZZAno6Xhoz9A1cKGvcrphTUuCI5iMahx3qcBQkE9VpkLqBxuXynBzdZaA382JAO7KD6lKogPxkDBFFBKPFB616XnI_kFrsR4CsCQAw8mnq5W8bVZpuM8l82VSa3foq41FOFCsOmX8799QlR1GLFuzhwEFHbltk_gLA9leh2StBzlw&amp;__tn__=R]-R\">Ko Ko Gyi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IF all the Ethnic Minorities wished to use their own language as official language in their State, difficult as there are many Chin Dialects, Kachin (Jinphaw\/Lisu\/Rawan etc, Shan (Shan, Palaung\/Pao\/Intha\/Danu etc.. and other Ethnic minorities also have sub group. As Kachin\/Karen\/Chins are Christians&#8230;.May be there should be Official three languages&#8230;1\/ Myanmar 2\/ English 3\/Chinese and in addition to that No 4\/ relevant Ethnic Group&#8217;s language of their choise. eg. India, Singapore, etc. As there is now Google and AI translate..first three could be translated. Each Ethnic Minority need to develop their own translation Application. As English is useful in International arena and IF Minorities don&#8217;t want to learn Myanmar..IF they are taught English and their own language of choise&#8230;IT may be easier. We need to consider about mixed marriages and different Ethnic Group&#8217;s families in another unrelated Dialect area also.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/kerrypwl?comment_id=Y29tbWVudDo5OTE1NjMzMzM2NDkwNTlfMTM5ODE2NjA1OTA0MDE1OQ%3D%3D&amp;__cft__[0]=AZZAno6Xhoz9A1cKGvcrphTUuCI5iMahx3qcBQkE9VpkLqBxuXynBzdZaA382JAO7KD6lKogPxkDBFFBKPFB616XnI_kFrsR4CsCQAw8mnq5W8bVZpuM8l82VSa3foq41FOFCsOmX8799QlR1GLFuzhwEFHbltk_gLA9leh2StBzlw&amp;__tn__=R]-R\">Phyo Win Latt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1045 \u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1005\u102c\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a (\u1047) \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1005\u1039\u1006\u102c &#8211; &#8220;\u101c\u1030&#8221; \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103e &#8220;\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1030&#8221; \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1006\u102e\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103b\u103e\u101d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1005\u1031\u101e\u101c\u102c\u1038 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101e\u102d\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u101e\u102c \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1018\u102f\u1036\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u101c\u103e\u1031\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e \u101c\u103e\u1031\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1016\u102f\u1021\u1011\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1036 \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u103e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1016\u102f\u1021\u1011\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u1015\u1032 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103e\u1031\u1019\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1010\u1026\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1026\u1038 \u101b\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101f\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u1030\u1010\u1030 \u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u102f\u1036\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1001\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1005\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u1005\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1019\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (Ignorance) \u1019\u1031\u102c\u101f\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u1019\u102c\u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1017\u1019\u102c-\u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c-\u1000\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019 \u1005\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1016\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102f (Weaponization) \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u1030\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1021\u1019\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1012\u100f\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1019\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u102d\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u101e\u102d\u1018\u1032\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101e\u1036\u101e\u101a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1011\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e \u101e\u1036\u101e\u101a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101b\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u102f \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u2018\u1012\u102f\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u2019 (Oppression Olympics) \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1006\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u1019\u102c\u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1047\u1040 \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102f\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u2018\u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102c\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u101c\u1032\u2019 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101c\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u2018\u1012\u102f\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u2019 \u101f\u102c \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1018\u102f\u1036\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u2018\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1017\u103c\u1030\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u2019 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u1030\u1010\u1030 \u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1010\u1026\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1026\u1038 \u1005\u102c\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1018\u102f\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101b\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b \u101d\u1031\u101d\u102b\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1015\u101f\u1031\u1020\u102d\u1014\u102d\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PDF Link Download Link &#8211;&nbsp;<a 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Decoupling the central working languages from autonomous state language policies remains one of the most statistically viable paths to achieving that balance. 1. The Core Issue: &#8220;Burmanization&#8221; as Forced [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,7,6,133,1,130,11,10,16,123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anti-racism","category-articles","category-history","category-human-rights-constitution-federal-democracy-social-nets-minority-rights","category-local-news","category-motivation","category-myanmar-muslims-history","category-news","category-opinion","category-story"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6896"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6896\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6900,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6896\/revisions\/6900"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6896"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6896"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}