{"id":6554,"date":"2026-06-29T04:48:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-29T04:48:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=6554"},"modified":"2026-06-29T04:58:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-29T04:58:49","slug":"historic-indians-in-myanmar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/06\/29\/historic-indians-in-myanmar\/","title":{"rendered":"Historic Indians in Myanmar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By Dr Ko Ko Gyi Abdul Rahman Zafrudin with the help of Chat GPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Editor&#8217;s note explaining that <strong>some details (such as exact dates, ethnic classifications, and interpretations of certain dynasties) remain subjects of ongoing scholarly debate<\/strong>, while the overall theme of ancient Indian influence in Myanmar is widely accepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article was written more than a decade ago, yet many of its central ideas\u2014that Myanmar was a crossroads between India and China, that the Pyu civilization was cosmopolitan, and that Indian cultural influence arrived gradually through migration, trade, religion, and intermarriage rather than conquest\u2014remain well supported by modern archaeology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more than two thousand years, people of Indian origin have settled in the land now known as Myanmar. Throughout that long history, they have made significant contributions to the country&#8217;s political development, religions, social life, culture, and traditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Bagan Culture<\/em>, p. 42, Professor U Than Tun (M.A., B.L., D.Litt., Ph.D.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>The Ancient Pyu<\/em>, pp. 3\u20134, Professor U Than Tun<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Myanmar: The Natural Bridge Between India and China<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>China and India are among the world&#8217;s oldest continuous civilizations. Throughout history, however, direct communication between these two great civilizations was severely restricted by the massive Himalayan mountain range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From the perspective of physical geography, the Indian tectonic plate drifted northeastward and collided with the Eurasian plate along the present-day Myanmar frontier. This geological collision created the folded mountain ranges that extend through Myanmar from north to south. While the Himalayas stretch mainly east to west, their eastern extremities gradually descend into the mountains and valleys of Myanmar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, the formidable Himalayan barrier that separated India and China gradually gave way to a network of mountain passes and river valleys across Myanmar. These natural corridors enabled ancient peoples from Tibet and Yunnan to migrate southward into Myanmar with relative ease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several important overland routes\u2014including the Hukawng Valley route, the Ann Pass, and the Taungup Pass\u2014eventually became sections of the famous trade routes linking China and India. In effect, Myanmar became a natural land bridge connecting the two great civilizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Professor U Than Tun, <em>Bagan Culture<\/em>, p. 42.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maung Htin Aung, <em>A History of Burma<\/em> (Cambridge University Press, 1967), which describes Sri Ksetra as an important entrep\u00f4t between India and China.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of this strategic location, Myanmar attracted travellers, merchants, refugees fleeing wars, traders, and migrants seeking better opportunities. Many eventually settled permanently, contributing to the country&#8217;s ethnic and cultural diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Pyu People<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reference:<\/strong> Professor U Than Tun, <em>The Ancient Pyu<\/em>, pp. 3\u20134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Professor U Than Tun, the Burmese (Bamar) people eventually emerged through the integration of several earlier groups, particularly the Pyu, Kanran (Kanyan), and Thet peoples. Among these, the Pyu constituted the largest and most influential component.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Pyu themselves were not a single homogeneous people but were formed from three major ancestral groups:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The indigenous inhabitants<\/strong> \u2014 descendants of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age peoples who had continuously lived in Myanmar since prehistoric times.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Migrants from India<\/strong> \u2014 who brought with them not only Hinduism and Buddhism but also Indian culture, literature, architecture, customs, and administrative traditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tibeto-Burman migrants<\/strong> \u2014 who moved southward from the Tibetan plateau into Myanmar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Pyu Settlements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeological evidence suggests that the Pyu had established settlements in Myanmar by around <strong>100 BC<\/strong>, and possibly even earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among their earliest settlements were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hanlin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kutkai<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Along the Salween River<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The eastern coastal region<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Around the Gulf of Martaban<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sandoway (present-day Thandwe)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Arakan Yoma region<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Reference: Professor U Than Tun, Illustrated History of Myanmar.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Later, the Pyu established important urban centres, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sri Ksetra (Pyay) \u2014 flourishing between the 4th and 8th centuries AD.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Beikthano (often connected with the Sanskrit name <strong>Vishnu<\/strong>) \u2014 dating from approximately the 2nd to 5th centuries AD.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taungdwingyi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hanlin (Wetlet).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tagaung.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Waddy (Nyaung-U or Natogyi area in some references).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mainmaw.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Myittha.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Binnaka (Pyawbwe).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bilin in present-day Mon State.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These cities formed one of Southeast Asia&#8217;s earliest urban civilizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Pyu Script<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Pyu inscriptions were written using a script derived from the Indian Gupta adaptation of the ancient Brahmi script. Many inscriptions are composed in the Pali language using the Pyu writing system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Knowledge of the Pyu civilization also comes from the records of Chinese travellers, merchants, and official dynastic histories, which documented the Pyu kingdom and its people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beikthano (Vishnu)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaeological evidence shows that Beikthano was one of the earliest Pyu cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to some historical interpretations, the city declined during the early centuries AD. Later, Mon influence became more prominent in the region, and settlements such as Panthwa and eventually Ramannadesa (Raman\u00f1adesa) emerged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Excavations have uncovered numerous Buddhist images together with Hindu sculptures in the Gupta artistic style, demonstrating that both Buddhism and Hinduism flourished side by side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Michael Aung-Thwin, pp. 35\u201336.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G. E. Harvey, <em>History of Burma<\/em>, p. 4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Pyu Kings and Their Indian Connections<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese historical records referred to the Pyu as <strong>P&#8217;iao<\/strong> (or <strong>P&#8217;iao Kingdom<\/strong>). However, inscriptions suggest that the Pyu referred to themselves by another name, often transcribed as <strong>Tricul<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese chronicles also record interactions between the Pyu, the Nanzhao Kingdom, and Tibetan powers during periods of conflict involving Tang China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Interestingly, Chinese records referred to Pyu kings by the Sanskrit royal title <strong>Maharaja<\/strong>, while high-ranking ministers were also described using Sanskrit-derived honorifics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These titles clearly demonstrate the strong influence of Indian political culture on the Pyu kingdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gupta Influence on the Pyu Kingdom<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pyu inscriptions written in a South Indian script record the reign of the Vikrama dynasty between approximately AD 673 and 718.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D. G. E. Hall, <em>Burma<\/em> (3rd Edition, 1960), p. 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many royal names combined <strong>Vikrama<\/strong> with <strong>Vishnu<\/strong>, the great Hindu deity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Excavations throughout Myanmar have uncovered statues depicting:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vishnu standing upon Garuda,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lakshmi standing upon a lotus,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brahma,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shiva,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thrones dedicated to Vishnu,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>all of which testify to the profound influence of Indian religious traditions upon early Myanmar civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers have also identified references to a Varman dynasty, suggesting possible connections with the Pallava dynasty of South India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elizabeth Moore, <em>Myanmar Historical Research Journal<\/em> (2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dravidian Settlements at Panthwa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese historical sources record that people of Dravidian origin from southern India settled along the Mon coast around the Gulf of Martaban.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These settlers are believed to have influenced Beikthano, eventually contributing to the emergence of Panthwa and later Raman\u00f1adesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D. G. E. Hall, <em>Burma<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">History Never Truly Disappears<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Many legendary traditions surrounding Tagaung, King Duttabaung, and the rulers of Beikthano are intertwined with mythology, Hindu royal traditions, Buddhist sectarian influences, and local folklore. Although some legends remain historically uncertain, they nevertheless preserve valuable memories of Myanmar&#8217;s ancient past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The archaeological remains of Sri Ksetra\u2014including the famous Bawbawgyi Pagoda, considered the prototype of later Bagan stupas\u2014continue to remind us that Myanmar&#8217;s earliest civilizations were deeply connected with the wider cultures of India and Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>History never truly disappears. It waits to be rediscovered, re-examined, and understood.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (\u1041)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101f\u102c \u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038(\u1042\u1040\u1040\u1040)\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u1015\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b \u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1013\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1011\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 (\u1041) \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u201c\u1015\u102f\u1002\u1036\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp; \u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c (\u1044\u1042)\u104a \u1015\u102b\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1026\u1038\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038 M.A.B.L, D. LIT, Ph.D<br>\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 (\u1042) \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u2013 \u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c (\u1043 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1044)\u104a \u1015\u102b\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1026\u1038\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sanooaung.files.wordpress.com\/2007\/12\/himalaya-map-4.png?w=410&amp;h=307\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u104c \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101f\u102d\u1019\u101d\u1014\u1039\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u1000\u102c\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1001\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u101c\u103e\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1015\u1011\u101d\u102e\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1021\u101b \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1021\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101c\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a\u104c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1019\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101f\u102d\u1019\u101d\u1014\u1039\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103e\u1005\u104d \u1010\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u104d \u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Spreading_homo_sapiens.svg\/1000px-Spreading_homo_sapiens.svg.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101f\u102d\u1019\u101d\u1014\u1039\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1032\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u1030\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1026\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1032\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/TibetanPlateau.jpg\" alt=\"Rivers flowing from China into Burma through the valleys\" width=\"498\" height=\"237\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rivers flowing from China into Burma through the valleys<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1016\u1014\u103a \u101f\u1030\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a-\u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038-\u1004\u103d\u1031\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1018\u102c\u1040 \u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 1. \u201c\u1015\u102f\u1002\u1036\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp; \u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c (\u1044\u1042)\u104a \u1015\u102b\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1026\u1038\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sri Ksetra was an important&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entrep%C3%B4t\">entrep\u00f4t<\/a>&nbsp;between China and India. By Htin Aung, Maung (1967).&nbsp;<em>A History of Burma<\/em>. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.<\/h5>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1001\u101b\u102e\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1012\u102f\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101b\u1031\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102f\u101b\u102c \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104c \u1010\u1005\u1005 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036 \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/China_topo.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (\u1042)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/49\/Pyu_Realm.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/49\/Pyu_Realm.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u2013 \u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c (\u1043 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1044)\u104a \u1015\u102b\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1026\u1038\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c(\u1017\u1019\u102c) \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1030\u104a \u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1036\u104a \u101e\u1000\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u104d \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038(\u1043)\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u104f\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1041) \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1026\u1038\u101c\u1030\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036 \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u2013 \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u104a \u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1036\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1005\u104d \u1021\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1042) \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101e\u102c\u1019\u1000 \u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1013\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1015\u102b\u101e\u101a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1043) \u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u1018\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1021\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Asia_800ad.jpg\"><\/a>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104c \u1018\u102e\u1005\u102e(\u1041\u1040\u1040)\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1015\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101f\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1036\u101c\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1021\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1019\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1019\u1015\u1004\u103a\u101c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1031\u1037\u104a \u101e\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-212-768x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-212-768x1024.png 768w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-212-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-212-1152x1536.png 1152w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-212-1536x2048.png 1536w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-212-scaled.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myazedi_inscription\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Myazedi inscription &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"714\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-213.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-213.png 960w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-213-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-213-768x571.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myazedi_inscription\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Myazedi inscription &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038- \u1015\u102b\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u1026\u1038\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038&nbsp; \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1005\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u101b\u1031\u1001\u1031\u1010\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c (\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a)\u104c \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1044-\u1048 \u101b\u102c\u1005\u102f\u104a \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1017\u102d\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1038 (\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000 \u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1014\u1030\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030 \u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1019\u100a\u103a) (\u1001\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1042\u1041\u1040-\u1042\u1042\u1045\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a)\u104a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1041-\u1044 \u101b\u102c\u1005\u102f\u104a \u101f\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (\u101d\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a) \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1041-\u1044 \u101b\u102c\u1005\u102f\u104a \u101f\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (\u101e\u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038)\u104a waddi (\u1014\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038)\u104a \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1018\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1014\u1000 (\u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1018\u103d\u101a\u103a)\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u102e\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a) \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a \u1002\u103d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1010\u102c\u1038 (Gupta) \u1019\u1030\u1000\u103d\u1032 \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1005\u102c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brahmi Script, Gupta script, Pyu script and Burmese script<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102b\u1020\u102d\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1002\u103d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1010\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1030\u1000\u103d\u1032 \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102e\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1000\u103c\u1031\u1004\u103c\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u1030\u104d \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104c \u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_a.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;a<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_i.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;i<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_u.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;u<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ri.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e5b<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_e.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;e<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_o.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u0101<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_au.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;au<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;k<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;kh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_g.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;g<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;gh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_c.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;c<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;ch<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;j<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;jh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u00f1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e6d<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e6dh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e0d<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e0dh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e47<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_t.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;t<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_th.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;th<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_d.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;d<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;dh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_n.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_p.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;p<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;ph<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_b.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;b<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;bh<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_m.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;y<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;r<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;l<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;v<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u015b<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;\u1e63<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_s.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;s<\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gupta_allahabad_h.svg\"><\/a>&nbsp;h<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1017\u102d\u103f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1038Brikthano (\u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1014\u1030\u1038)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1001\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1042\u1041\u1040-\u1042\u1042\u1045\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u1014\u103a\u1011\u103d\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u102c\u1019\u100a\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1011\u1030\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1002\u103d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1010\u102c\u1038 (\u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a)\u101f\u1014\u103a \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102f \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Ref:&nbsp; Aung-Thwin, pp. 35\u201336, Harvey, p. 4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101f\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101f\u102f\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104c \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u201cP\u2019 aio\u201d \u1015\u1021\u102d\u102f\u101f\u102f \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u1019\u1030 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 Tricul \u1010\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u101f\u102f \u101e\u1019\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a\u104c \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u1018\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104d \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a Ko-lo-fan \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u1004\u103a\u104f \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101f\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1019\u103e\u1030\u1038\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f MAHSINAS \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1012\u102e\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101f\u102f \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u103b\u1030\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 VISNU (\u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1014\u1030\u1038)\u1018\u103d\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a \u1002\u103d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1010\u102c\u1038 (Gupta)&nbsp; \u1013\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1021\u101b \u101a\u1030\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a \u1021\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101b\u102c\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u104d \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104c \u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019 (VIKRAM) \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1046\u1047\u1043\u1019\u103e \u1047\u1041\u1048\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 Burma, D.G.E.HALL MA D.LIT, F.R.HIST. Professor Emeritus of the University of London and Former Professor of History, Rangoon, Burma 3rd. Eddition 1960 Page 8.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104c \u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1014\u1030\u1038 (\u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038) \u1021\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1032\u1016\u1000\u103a \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101c\u1031\u1037 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1014\u1030\u1038 (\u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1014\u1010\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038)\u1000 \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1012\u102b (GARUDA) \u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1002\u1020\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1004\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u104c \u1019\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1019\u102e\u1038 (LAKSHMI \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1014\u1010\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019) \u1000 \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u104c \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u101b\u102c\u1019\u102c (BRAHMA \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1014\u1010\u103a\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038)\u104a \u101b\u103e\u102e\u1017\u102c (SIVA)\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1014\u1030\u1038 \u1015\u101c\u1039\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a&nbsp; \u1015\u103b\u1030\u1010\u1030\u1038\u1016\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u102c\u104c \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a \u1017\u102c\u1019\u1004\u103a (VAMAN)\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036 \u1015\u101c\u102c\u1017\u102c (PALAVA)\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u104f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 Elizabeth Moore, Myanmar Historical Research Journal (2004))<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1011\u103d\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a (DRAVIDIAN) \u1012\u103c\u102c\u1017\u102e\u1012\u102e\u101a\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1007\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1014\u103a\u101a\u102d\u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u104c \u1019\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1019\u1015\u1004\u103a\u101c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031 \u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u100c\u102c\u1014\u1031\u104c \u1012\u103c\u102c\u1017\u102e\u1012\u102e\u101a\u1014\u103a \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b \u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u103f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u1014\u103a\u1011\u103d\u102c\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1021\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1016\u1014\u103a \u101b\u102c\u1019\u100a\u1015\u1030\u101b\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u1005\u102c\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038 D G E HALL \u201cBURMA\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u103d\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u104f \u1019\u102d\u1018\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u102e\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u104c \u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u103f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u103e\u1015\u1031\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101e\u101b\u1031\u1001\u1031\u1010\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u1030 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u104f\u104b \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101f\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1030\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101b\u102c \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1002\u102d\u102f\u100f\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u102e\u1006\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1019\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"255\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-215.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6559\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Bawbawgyi Pagoda at Sri Ksetra, prototype of Pagan-era pagodas Wikipedia photo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1019\u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u2026..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Credit\u1038&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aungmin.khant.5682\">Aungmin<\/a>Khant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drkokogyi.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/bagan-indians.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/drkokogyi.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/bagan-indians.jpg?w=281&amp;h=300\" alt=\"Bagan Indians\" class=\"wp-image-39126\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dr Ko Ko Gyi Abdul Rahman Zafrudin with the help of Chat GPT Editor&#8217;s note explaining that some details (such as exact dates, ethnic classifications, and interpretations of certain dynasties) remain subjects of ongoing scholarly debate, while the overall theme of ancient Indian influence in Myanmar is widely accepted. This article was written more [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6559,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6,1,10,123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-history","category-local-news","category-news","category-story"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6554"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6561,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6554\/revisions\/6561"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6559"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}