{"id":6218,"date":"2026-06-11T13:46:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T13:46:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=6218"},"modified":"2026-06-11T13:46:33","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T13:46:33","slug":"the-hsaya-daka-project-part-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/06\/11\/the-hsaya-daka-project-part-3\/","title":{"rendered":"The Hsaya-Daka Project (Part 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

By Phyo Wai, Fellows Court Community, London, United Kingdom<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Before continuing to Part 3, there is something I need to say. That is: across successive eras, monks who entered the monastic order seeking opportunity, allied themselves with those in power, built networks, or exploited the vulnerabilities and traditional beliefs of the public to build influence and accumulate wealth \u2014 these monks have been the most solid pillars of the Hsaya-Daka Project. They are people who, even without this project, would have served successive governments for their own interests. They have no nation \u2014 for them, government and the power to govern is their nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another thing is that I am writing these pieces trying to explain, as simply as possible, a political process rooted in Buddhism from the perspective of the political science of religion. It is not to become famous on social media by meticulously exposing and condemning individual names, monk names, or the names and actions of people from the coup military. If I wanted to do that, it would actually be even easier. My purpose is that, as someone who is himself a teacher learning academic English and a researcher, even though I view events through an academic lens, I want to rewrite and present them so that ordinary readers can also understand. That is why in this article you will not find blame or defense \u2014 I am only analyzing the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Hsaya-Daka Project, which began around 1992, was a systematic effort by the military government to consolidate its control over Myanmar’s Buddhist monastic organization. In this project, the military provided financial and logistical support to senior monks called “Hsaya-Daka.” Those senior monks were expected to maintain close relationships with the military government and to ensure the monastic organization remained loyal to it. This project effectively made the monastic organization function as an extension of military power. Because senior monks held enormous influence over the entire monastic organization, being able to connect with them was critically important for the military.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Hsaya-Daka Project had a profound impact on the Buddhist monastic organization. Monks who desired reform and monks who favored democracy were marginalized. They were excluded from the benefits of this project and were targeted due to their resistance and opposition. This project also created a culture of compliance and obedience within the monastic organization. Monks who did not follow the military line risked losing the material and social support provided by the Hsaya-Daka network. As a result, it must be said that the monastic organization’s ability to function as an independent moral voice in Myanmar’s political life was severely constrained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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When the 2021 military coup occurred, the monastic response was complex and varied. Some monks who had benefited from the Hsaya-Daka Project \u2014 especially certain senior monks \u2014 were not interested in openly opposing the military council, fearing they might lose their privileged status. In the early days, organizations like Mahana issued letters that were not formal meeting resolutions. Some prominent private universities and monasteries also issued protest and call-to-action letters. However, some of those letters were issued both to protect senior monks and to express the genuine wishes of younger monks, and very soon monk-led protests became significant movements challenging the military council’s authority, overshadowing the earlier period of letter-writing protests. Mahana also issued what amounted to a CDM statement in the early days, saying it would suspend its duties. Later, when no agreement could be reached, meetings were soon reconvened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the early days, those who were stuck indoors due to the 72-hour curfew and ATM lines \u2014 it is common knowledge that when Dr. Teza San and a group of doctors in Mandalay stepped forward, it spread from Yangon and the whole country rose up. Though it was somewhat delayed because student monks had just finished their exams and were returning home to their villages, not long after people began protesting, monks also joined the demonstrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, monasteries within the Hsaya-Daka network not only stayed out of the protests \u2014 they pressured younger monks within their monasteries not to get involved in politics, and even issued threats. There were monasteries that locked their gates to those who tried to flee inside while escaping violent crackdowns, and some even called the police to arrest them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The military’s response was swift and brutal. Security forces violently dispersed protests and targeted the monks involved. Yet young monks and progressive-minded senior monks joined the protests, risking even their safety and livelihood to oppose military repression. In addition to those who died after being arrested and subjected to violence, there were also monks like U Thawbita who were disappeared after being released following over three years of imprisonment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In one interview with a senior monk, he noted that the military’s rapid reactivation of the Hsaya-Daka Project was because the military became alarmed when Mahana issued its statement on the coup and monks began participating in street protests and online strikes. It is a point worth considering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The impact of the Hsaya-Daka Project on monk participation in the 2021 Spring Revolution cannot be overlooked. By consolidating control over the Buddhist monastic organization, the military council was able to silence the monastic voice and limit the monks’ ability to mobilize against the military government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In the early period after the 2021 coup, General Administration Department officials distributed photos on social media of donations being made to senior monks, captioned “Donating offerings to Hsaya-Daka schools.” These posts served not only as propaganda but also as a public reaffirmation of the long-standing relationship between the military and the Buddhist monastic organization. At a press conference held in Naypyidaw on July 15, 2021, General Zaw Min Tun again stated that the Hsaya-Daka Project continues to exist and remains important, and that it is a long-term program to fulfill the needs of monks. This statement demonstrates that the military is deliberately and strategically using religious organizations to consolidate political power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By October 2021, military commanders had issued directives to counter the influence of revolutionary media and PDF movements. Among these directives was an instruction for Hsaya-Daka monks to spread counter-revolutionary messages within their communities. The military’s tactical engagement with religious leaders was intended to divide resistance unity and undermine the credibility of revolutionary movements. Because the public views monks as moral and spiritual leaders, the military council exploited them for propaganda distribution. This shows that the military council is well aware of how significant religious influence is in Myanmar’s socio-political life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interviews with various stakeholders also show that the Hsaya-Daka Project had a profound effect on monk participation in revolutionary activities. Reactivating pro-military cadres within the Buddhist monastic organization helped monitor and manipulate monastic movements. Using state-organized donation ceremonies in major cities like Yangon and Mandalay, the military enticed monks away from supporting the revolution and used those religious ceremonies to reinforce loyalty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An official who organized one such state donation ceremony in Mandalay noted that this approach was surprisingly effective. Pro-military monks were able to pressure other monks like themselves to comply, exploiting the hierarchical culture of respect for seniority within the Buddhist monastic organization to forcibly achieve their goals. This demonstrates the military’s strategy of controlling senior religious leaders in order to influence the entire grassroots monastic community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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It is fair to say that the Hsaya-Daka Project, by co-opting senior monks and marginalizing oppositional forces within the monastic organization, succeeded in constructing a network of pro-military clerics. This network actively participated in countering pro-democracy protests. The military council’s readiness to use violence against non-compliant monks further embedded a culture of fear and obedience within the monastic organization. Due to this repression, a monk who survived Obo Prison noted that the monastic organization’s ability to function as a free moral authority opposing the military government was extraordinarily constrained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Myanmar’s current political and social upheavals make it very difficult to predict what role Buddhism will play in the future. The Spring Revolution showed an important moment where religious teaching and democratic aspirations could converge. The fact that some Buddhist leaders and organizations came to support democratic values shows the potential for a form of engaged Buddhism to emerge \u2014 one more involved in social and political dimensions. However, because Buddhism is so deeply rooted in Myanmar’s national identity and politics, every change will be tied to broader socio-political conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Hsaya-Daka Project is a prominent example of the military in Myanmar using religious organizations to consolidate power and suppress opposition. By co-opting senior monks and exploiting religious authority, the military council has considerably limited the monastic organization’s ability to function as a moral counterbalance against authoritarianism. The impact of this project on monk participation in revolutionary activities also reflects the complexity of the question of how religious influence should be handled in a highly politically charged environment. By organizing senior monks into networks and exploiting religious authority, the military council has substantially blocked the monastic organization’s ability to stand as a moral bulwark against authoritarianism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Looking at the intersection of religion and politics in Myanmar requires deeper study. That intersection also reflects broader tensions between preserving tradition and accepting change. The military council’s systematic efforts to control the Buddhist monastic organization through the Hsaya-Daka Project have significantly altered Myanmar’s political landscape \u2014 and judging by the actual impacts, this statement is not an exaggeration. This project marginalized progressive and pro-democracy monks and created a culture of compliance and obedience within the monastic organization. This systematic manipulation not only suppressed oppositional forces but also considerably weakened the monastic organization’s ability to function as a free ethical voice against the military government’s repressive policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The militarization of religious organizations through the Hsaya-Daka Project is an extremely sophisticated and profound strategy to consolidate power \u2014 embedding military influence into the spiritual and moral spheres of society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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As Myanmar continues to face political and social upheavals, the future role of Buddhism within society will remain uncertain and complex. The Spring Revolution demonstrated the potential for a form of pragmatic, public-benefit-oriented religious practice to emerge from the desire for democracy and human rights. This movement points toward a shift that could place greater emphasis on Buddhism’s social and political dimensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, because Buddhism is so deeply rooted in Myanmar’s identity and politics, major changes will depend on broader socio-political conditions \u2014 whether military control persists, how resilient democratic movements prove to be, and how Buddhist teachings are reinterpreted in response to political events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Looking ahead, the current resistance against military rule in Myanmar represents a critical juncture for genuine democratic reform. The connection between religious teaching and democratic ideas can provide an opportunity for meaningful change. An activist form of Buddhism engaged in social and political transformation could play an important role in shaping the future. The challenges are immense, but Buddhism also has the potential to adapt as a force for social and political change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By skillfully manipulating the Buddhist monastic organization through this project, the military council has not only consolidated its power further but also blocked an important source of moral and ethical opposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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To continue the fight for democracy and human rights in Myanmar, it is necessary to deeply understand this dynamic. It is also necessary to work toward separating the use of religious authority from political manipulation. This kind of secularism is easy to say but extremely difficult in practice. Nevertheless, if Myanmar is to move toward a truly democratic and just society that upholds the values of freedom and equality \u2014 there is no option other than to strive for that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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As I said in the first piece, this is ongoing research. However, since this is a matter everyone has the right to know about, in trying to write and present it in an accessible way, if there are errors or mistakes, I ask for your understanding as they reflect my own shortcomings. I deeply respect and am grateful to each and every person who has generously shared information related to this research up to this day and moment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phyo Wai<\/a><\/strong> is at Fellows Court Community<\/a><\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

npSdrtsooe70844im47uui6c1h1u06tamc6t12fu95uu419u51229h6h79u2<\/a> \u00b7London, United Kingdom<\/a> \u00b7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f marginalize \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101f\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1016\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1010\u102c\u104a \u1021\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c compliance \u1014\u1032\u1037 obedience culture \u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 material support \u1014\u1032\u1037 social support \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 moral voice \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1042\u1040\u1042\u1041 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a 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\u1042\u1040\u1042\u1041 \u1014\u103d\u1031\u1026\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1030\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102e\u101f\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u101e\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 mobilise \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1042\u1040\u1042\u1041 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u100c\u102c\u1014\u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c social media \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103e\u1030\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u201c\u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u103e\u1030\u1016\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u1010\u1039\u1011\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u103e\u1030\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u201d \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 caption \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101d\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e post \u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c propaganda \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1019\u1000 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1037\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u101b\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1042\u1040\u1042\u1041 \u1007\u1030\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c \u1041\u1045 \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1037 \u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u103c\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1007\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1006\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1019\u1036\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1042\u1040\u1042\u1041 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1018\u102c\u101c\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1030\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c revolutionary media \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 PDF \u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101e\u103c\u1007\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 tactical engagement \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c resistance unity \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u103b\u1005\u1031\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f moral and spiritual leaders \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1000\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f propaganda \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1000 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1018\u101d\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u103c\u1007\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1000\u1005\u1000 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stakeholders \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 interview \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 cadre \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a \u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u1030 \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u1005\u102e\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u103e\u1030\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1000 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1032\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f loyalty \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1019\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1030\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1026\u1038\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1019\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b Pro-military monks \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1030\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u100a\u102e\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101d\u102b\u1005\u1025\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101f\u102c\u1000 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f co-opt \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1000 \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f marginalize \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 clerics network \u1010\u1001\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1006\u1014\u1039\u1012\u1015\u103c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1000 \u1019\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u102c\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1013\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 moral authority \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1018\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1025\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1030\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1005\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1014\u103d\u1031\u1026\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1019\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1000 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 engaged Buddhism \u1010\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1011\u1032 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f co-opt \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102e\u101f\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 moral counterbalance \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u103c\u1007\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u1031\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u1005\u101f\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 moral bulwark \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101c\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1019\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1005\u1000\u1005\u1000 \u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d \u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1019\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 progressive \u1014\u1032\u1037 pro-democracy \u101b\u101f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f marginalize \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c compliance \u1014\u1032\u1037 obedience culture \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000 \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102f\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1019\u1000 \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u1030\u101d\u102b\u1012\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 ethical voice \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1006\u101b\u102c-\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f militarise \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102e\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101e\u103c\u1007\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 spiritual and moral spheres \u1011\u1032 \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101f\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u101f\u102c \u1019\u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1018\u1032 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1026\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u103d\u1031\u1026\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1011\u1010\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\/\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1019\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u102f\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1019\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102b\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101f\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1005\u1000\u1005\u101f\u102c \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102e\u1019\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u102f\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1019\u1000 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 moral and ethical opposition source \u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102e dynamic \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1037\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101c\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1031 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 secular \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101f\u102c \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1006\u102e \u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u101c\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1015\u1011\u1019\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u102c \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1012\u102b\u101f\u102c \u1019\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1032\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u102b\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1037\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1011\u102d \u1012\u102e\u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1031\u1010\u1014\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1026\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1007\u1030\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a \u1001\u1004\u103a\u1017\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Phyo Wai, Fellows Court Community, London, United Kingdom Before continuing to Part 3, there is something I need to say. That is: across successive eras, monks who entered the monastic order seeking opportunity, allied themselves with those in power, built networks, or exploited the vulnerabilities and traditional beliefs of the public to build influence […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6219,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6,133,1,11,10,16,123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-history","category-human-rights-constitution-federal-democracy-social-nets-minority-rights","category-local-news","category-myanmar-muslims-history","category-news","category-opinion","category-story"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6218","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6218"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6220,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6218\/revisions\/6220"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6218"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}