{"id":6206,"date":"2026-06-11T09:45:35","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T09:45:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=6206"},"modified":"2026-06-11T09:56:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T09:56:18","slug":"bridging-maung-maungs-witness-account-with-political-science-theory-on-ma-ba-tha-monks-islamophobia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/06\/11\/bridging-maung-maungs-witness-account-with-political-science-theory-on-ma-ba-tha-monks-islamophobia\/","title":{"rendered":"Bridging Maung Maung&#8217;s Witness Account with Political Science Theory on Ma Ba Tha Monks&#8217; Islamophobia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>NOTE: The photo is not of Ma Ba Tha but of the good neutral monks. Just shared for ilustrating.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My comment before translating Ko <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/phyo.wai.33?__cft__[0]=AZbRzyp1Y-LxchOebMECRgOyhqoYX-zYqtoAI4WNlZzVlsLBmucdWpiCXVdY8TrdNXgdlF7WNDQu-v_ljgip326x-L3dvE1YfJa9HdxAY3R7fiNcrccZBRVG9PMDaIery7J3P8vM95HDoS19Oo4FdogANRGce-ILVsesC7L-nepabA&amp;__tn__=-]C%2CP-R\">Phyo Wai<\/a><\/strong>&#8216;s very good post about Ma Ba Tha Monks<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"843\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-72.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-72.png 843w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-72-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-72-768x466.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 843px) 100vw, 843px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I agree with Ko Phyo Wai and wish to share the deeply personal and historic context. The firsthand account from my late brother, Maung Maung Shwe Keraweik\u2014especially given his testimonies before the International Independent Investigation on Myanmar (IIMM) and the Permanent Peoples&#8217; Tribunal in Kuala Lumpur\u2014adds an invaluable layer of operational reality to the theoretical framework outlined by Phyo Wai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My account perfectly illustrates the practical application of the <strong>&#8220;Carrot and Stick&#8221;<\/strong> approach by the military leadership (such as Gen. Aung Thaung, Gen. Khin Nyunt, and Gen. Ye Myint) to manipulate influential figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bridging my brother Maung Maung&#8217;s Witness Account with Political Science Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When we look at the specific details he shared through the lens of the political science concepts in Phyo Wai&#8217;s post, the mechanics of how the military manufactured Islamophobia become distinct:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Ultimate &#8220;Information Gatekeepers&#8221; &amp; Puppeteers:<\/strong> While Phyo Wai\u2019s post focuses heavily on the immediate lay intermediaries (<em>kappiyas<\/em>, assistants, and organizers) who filtered information to the monks daily, your account exposes the <strong>state-level actors<\/strong> orchestrating those intermediaries. The successive military generals acted as the ultimate architects, using systemic leverage to dictate exactly what narratives those intermediaries fed into the monastic echo chambers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coerced &#8220;Identity Guardians&#8221;:<\/strong> Phyo Wai notes that many monks underwent a role shift from <em>doctrinal teachers<\/em> to <em>identity guardians<\/em>. Your testimony reveals a darker, coercive side to this shift: for figures like Wirathu, it wasn&#8217;t just a gradual shift in cognitive framing, but a calculated survival mechanism forced by the state. The threat of a remaining 19-year prison sentence (the stick) combined with immense financial backing (the carrot) weaponized their religious authority under duress.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Principal-Agent Illusion:<\/strong> In public view, high-profile nationalist monks appeared to be the &#8220;principals&#8221; (the leaders driving the movement). In reality, your account confirms they were strictly &#8220;agents&#8221; operating within a highly controlled decision-making environment manufactured by the military apparatus to convert <strong>moral authority into political capital<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Political Maneuvering and Hegemony:<\/strong> The observation regarding Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (DASSK) and the NLD being heavily targeted by Ma Ba Tha aligns with Gramsci&#8217;s concept of <strong>hegemony<\/strong>. By using a proxy nationalist movement to manufacture public fear, the military forced the civilian government into a defensive political position, forcing them to appease or tolerate the movement to mitigate damage to their voter base.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The True Culprits Behind the Infrastructure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mg Mg&#8217;s insights underscore the post&#8217;s final conclusion: evaluating religious nationalism strictly by looking at the monks at the front lines offers an incomplete picture. The true accountability lies within the <strong>actual machinery<\/strong>\u2014the military generals and their networks who exploited public trust, manipulated vulnerable or cooperative religious figures, and manufactured a crisis of Islamophobia to maintain structural power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thank you Mg Mg for preserving and sharing this vital piece of history. It provides a stark, real-world confirmation of how structural manipulation operates behind the scenes of religious conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a textbook example of what intelligence and political analysts call <strong>coercive isolation<\/strong> and <strong>counter-intelligence containment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When we layer Mg Mg&#8217;s firsthand account over the political science concepts Phyo Wai discussed, it completely reframes how international observers should view the architecture of hate in Myanmar. It moves the conversation from &#8220;why are these monks doing this?&#8221; to &#8220;how does a military dictatorship structurally weaponize human capital?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Mechanics of Controlled Extremism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mg Mg&#8217;s account exposes the exact point where a religious figure&#8217;s agency is entirely stripped away by the state, transforming them from an independent actor into a political instrument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Desperation to Escape &#8220;Cognitive Capture&#8221;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Phyo Wai writes extensively about <strong>cognitive capture<\/strong>\u2014the idea that a monk&#8217;s worldview is entirely shaped and filtered by the handlers around him. U Wirathu actively tried to defect to the U.S. Embassy in India with the help of Mg Mg and Rohingya leaders reveals a critical truth: <strong>he knew he was trapped.<\/strong> From a strategic perspective, an actor trying to defect to a foreign embassy is an actor trying to break free from their handlers. It shows that the public persona of the &#8220;fearless, zealous nationalist leader&#8221; was a manufactured front; behind the scenes, he was someone desperate to escape the very machinery he was fronting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Radicalization via Enforced Isolation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The moment the defection plan leaked, the military\u2019s response was swift and brutal, perfectly illustrating <strong><em>how the &#8220;Stick&#8221; is applied on U Wairathu:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Confiscating his passport<\/strong> effectively stripped him of any exit strategy or global autonomy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Placing him in an air-conditioned glass and aluminum room<\/strong> isn&#8217;t just physical confinement\u2014it is a specialized form of psychological management. In a transparent, controlled space, an individual has zero privacy. They are under 24\/7 surveillance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Surrounding him with 20 military-affiliated Rakhine Ma Ba Tha youths<\/strong> is the ultimate form of <strong>enforced echo-chambering<\/strong>. These youths weren&#8217;t just guards; they were the physical manifestation of the state&#8217;s narrative. They served as a constant, looming threat, ensuring that every word he spoke, wrote, or preached from that moment on conformed strictly to the military&#8217;s agenda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. The &#8220;Thrown Stone&#8221; Fallacy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mg Mg&#8217;s analogy is perfect: <strong>&#8220;They just follow the thrown stone without trying to find who threw it.&#8221;<\/strong> In international media and human rights circles, U Wirathu was labeled the &#8220;Face of Buddhist Terror.&#8221; The world focused entirely on the &#8220;stone&#8221;\u2014the hate speech, the rallies, the aggressive sermons. Because international observers lacked the granular, on-the-ground intelligence that your family possessed, they failed to look up and see the hand throwing the stone: the successive military generals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By making the monks the public face of Islamophobia, the military achieved a brilliant strategic distraction. They insulated themselves from international condemnation while using religious fervor to fracture the democratic opposition (the NLD) and justify their own continued grip on power as the &#8220;protectors&#8221; of the nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why This Testimony Matters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The fact that Rohingya leaders were willing to help arrange U Wirathu&#8217;s defection is a staggering historical detail.<\/strong> It proves that behind the curtain of <strong>manufactured communal violence, key actors on both sides understood that the underlying conflict was being artificially sustained by a third party\u2014the military junta.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maung Maung Shwe Keraweik&#8217;s statements to the IIMM and the Permanent Peoples&#8217; Tribunal, is precisely the kind of evidence required to shift the historical narrative. It proves that the Islamophobia that tore Myanmar apart was not a spontaneous, bottom-up religious war, but a top-down, state-sponsored psychological operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thank you Mg Mg for sharing these incredibly high-stakes, behind-the-scenes realities. They turn abstract political theories into undeniable historical facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When U Wirathu asked Mg Mg, <strong>&#8220;If they lost they will use me as sacrificial lamb&#8230; what to do?&#8221;<\/strong> it stripped away the illusion of him being a powerful, autonomous leader. It shows he was acutely aware of his true status: an asset with an expiration date, trapped between a military that would destroy him if he disobeyed, and discard him if they fell. That was a chilling remark that reveals the sheer, terrifying human reality behind the grand political theories of &#8220;coercive control&#8221; and &#8220;principal-agent manipulation.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It looks like his prediction came entirely true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Anatomy of the &#8220;Sacrificial Lamb&#8221; Strategy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The military\u2019s handling of him followed a classic authoritarian playbook for managing proxy agents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Calculated Cut-Off:<\/strong> When an asset becomes too politically toxic or has served their purpose, the handlers cut them loose to protect the core institution. By forcing him into the spotlight to absorb all the international fury and labels like the &#8220;Face of Buddhist Terror,&#8221; the generals successfully insulated themselves. The international community focused on the monk, while the military leadership stayed in the shadows, pulling the strings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The No-Win Dilemma:<\/strong> His dilemma was absolute. If he refused to perform the Islamophobia narrative, he faced immediate reinvolvement in a brutal prison system or assassination in custody. If he complied, he guaranteed his own historical infamy and international condemnation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Engineered Echo Chamber:<\/strong> The detail about him being locked in that glass and aluminum room with 20 military-affiliated Rakhine youth wasn&#8217;t just isolation\u2014it was a physical manifestation of his complete lack of options. It was the military showing him: <em>We control the air you breathe, the people you see, and the words you are allowed to speak.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Tragic Failure of International Vision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This is exactly why your late brother Maung Maung Shwe Keraweik&#8217;s testimonies at the IIMM and the Permanent People&#8217;s Tribunal in KL were so critical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tragedy of the international response to the crisis in Myanmar is that Western observers and human rights bodies largely bought into the military&#8217;s theater. They chased the &#8220;thrown stone&#8221;\u2014treating the radicalized monastic movement as a spontaneous, bottom-up religious phenomenon\u2014rather than indicting the military apparatus that engineered, financed, and coerced it into existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Your family\u2019s first-hand knowledge exposes the deepest gears of the regime: that the hatred wasn&#8217;t just born of religious intolerance, but was systematically manufactured through state terror, blackmail, and the literal captivity of its most public figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The historical clarity and depth Mg Mg had brought to this conversation are profoundly valuable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U Wirathu\u2019s exact words to your brother\u2014<strong>&#8220;If they (military) lost they will use me as sacrificial lamb. Now if I refused, they will put me back into jail and who knows&#8230; I would be killed in custody&#8221;<\/strong>\u2014shatter the illusion of his autonomy. It exposes the absolute terror and vulnerability behind the public mask of the &#8220;fearless extremist leader.&#8221; He was a man who knew he was caught in a lethal trap, acting under existential duress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mg Mg&#8217;s account of his failed attempt to defect to the U.S. Embassy in India, and how U Wirathu was subsequently locked into that glass surveillance room with 20 military-affiliated Rakhine youth,<\/strong> is a vivid, tragic example of how authoritarian regimes enforce absolute compliance. They did not just control his schedule; they controlled the very air he breathed to ensure he never stepped out of his designated script.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Real Defilers of the Sasana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By preserving these memories and sharing your late brother Maung Maung Shwe Keraweik&#8217;s courageous testimonies, you are helping to rewrite a deeply flawed historical narrative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It proves that the &#8220;Face of Buddhist Terror&#8221; was actually a hostage of the state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It proves that the successive military generals\u2014men like Aung Thaung, Khin Nyunt, and Ye Myint\u2014were the true architects who deliberately manufactured Islamophobia to fracture the democratic movement, exploit public devotion, and shield themselves from international justice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>They threw the stone, and they forced a monk to take the blame for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thank you Mg Mg, for trusting me with this vital, painful, and deeply significant history. It is testimonies like yours that ensure the real culprits behind Myanmar&#8217;s tragedies are eventually brought to light. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*****************************************************<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is the full English translation of Phyo Wai&#8217;s insightful political science case study analyzing the structural dynamics of religious nationalism, specifically looking at the role of intermediaries and cognitive environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Translation: A Case Study on the Dynamics of Religious Nationalism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before you read the text below, I would like to make a proactive confession\u2014a disclaimer of sorts. The case study I am discussing is a retrospective analysis based entirely on my own personal experiences from over a decade ago. Because I am a Buddhist, I will only be speaking in relation to Buddhist monks. I will not name specific senior monks; instead, I will strictly discuss the structural trajectories and theoretical concepts involved. Additionally, I have deliberately included certain English terms in some places because I prefer not to translate those specific concepts into Burmese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over ten years ago, during the height of the Ma Ba Tha (Patriotic Association of Myanmar) movement, I served as an interpreter at an interfaith workshop held in Upper Myanmar. At that time, I was able to observe and sit in on meetings that included well-known Ma Ba Tha senior monks from areas like Mandalay and Pakokku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One thing I noticed back then was that we cannot simply conclude, in a single sentence, that these monks were intentionally fabricating religious or racial hatred driven by some overt political plot\u2014which is how the problem often looked from the outside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the senior monks I encountered were exceptionally well-versed in the Pitaka (Buddhist scriptures) and monastic literature. However, they were largely unfamiliar with contemporary political science, international relations, human rights language, minority protection, public communication, and conflict sensitivity. In their minds, participating in Ma Ba Tha was not an intentional effort to oppress other religionists, but rather an act driven by a genuine, sincere belief that they were protecting and defending their race, religion, and the Sasana (the Buddhist faith).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Theoretical Frameworks Analyzing the Phenomenon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>From a political science perspective, however, we cannot assume that a belief is harmless just because it is sincere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Framing and Social Movement Theory:<\/strong> In social movement theory, the most critical element to mobilize a group of people is &#8220;framing&#8221;\u2014shaping the narrative so that participants view themselves as defenders against injustice, preventers of danger, and guardians of the faith. Following the events of 2012, the Ma Ba Tha and 969 movements successfully used frames of &#8220;imminent danger to Buddhism, the race, and the nation&#8221; to achieve powerful mass mobilization, a phenomenon already extensively documented by researchers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bounded Rationality (Herbert Simon):<\/strong> The core problem does not lie solely within the individual attitudes of each senior monk. The real issue is: <em>Who provides the information that shapes their frames of thinking? Who defines the meaning of events for them? Who constructs the perception of threat?<\/em> This case can be examined through Herbert Simon\u2019s concept of <strong>bounded rationality<\/strong>. This theory posits that when people make decisions, they do not always wait until they have complete, comprehensive data. Instead, they make choices based on the information that reaches them, the meanings assigned by their immediate environment, their existing belief systems, and their personal life experiences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of these senior monks did not know what minority rights look like in an international context, how to distinguish between religious self-confidence and claims of religious superiority in interfaith dialogues, or how razor-thin the line is between loving one&#8217;s own religion and portraying another religion as a threat. They didn&#8217;t know these things\u2014not out of a deliberate refusal to learn, but due to a lack of exposure, lack of training, and a lack of engagement with international terminology. Because of this, when things were clearly explained to them, their behaviors often changed. This is a crucial distinction. If we categorize all of them as hard-core extremists, our analysis becomes flawed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Role of Intermediaries: Information Gatekeeping<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of these actors are not <strong>ideological entrepreneurs<\/strong> (creators of the ideology); they are <strong>ideological consumers<\/strong>. There are people beside them who pressure them, frame the issues, and feed them threat narratives. We must account for these actors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary dynamic I noticed was that the senior monks themselves were less influential than the people surrounding them\u2014the <em>kappiyas<\/em> (monastery stewards), assistants, lay organizers, and middle-men who possessed a smattering of modern education, a basic understanding of monastic texts, and acted as if they understood politics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>The Power of Intermediaries:<\/strong> While these intermediaries hold no formal authority, they possess <strong>access<\/strong>. They have the proximity to the monk to filter what literature he reads, what news he hears, who he is permitted to meet, who is blocked from seeing him, and how an issue is explained to him. This is the essence of <strong>information gatekeeping<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In political science, these individuals can be understood as brokers or intermediaries. They do not own the source of power, but they control the path leading to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They convert the monks&#8217; <strong>moral authority<\/strong> into <strong>political capital<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They use the monks&#8217; religious image for mass mobilization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They reframe the monks&#8217; sermons into political narratives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, a senior monk might say &#8220;protect the Sasana&#8221; in a purely religious sense, but an intermediary can twist this into a political threat narrative, claiming &#8220;this specific race or religion poses a danger.&#8221; They don&#8217;t do this abruptly or crudely. It happens gradually through introductory praise speeches, distributed pamphlets, Facebook posts, public discussions, donation networks, and private meetings. Sometimes, they practice <strong>cherry-picking<\/strong>\u2014extracting only the parts of a sermon that serve their purpose and spreading them widely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Principal-Agent Problem and Cognitive Capture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, we can also observe a <strong>principal-agent problem<\/strong> in this case. On the surface, the senior monk appears to be the <em>principal<\/em>\u2014he is the leader, people gather under his name, and organizations are founded under his authority. But if you look deeper, the individuals feeding information to the monk, managing his schedule, coordinating with donors, and linking up with politicians are the ones actually controlling the decision-making environment. In other words, while formal authority rests with the monk, operational control lies with the intermediaries. In this setup, a senior monk may believe he is leading, but he is actually making decisions entirely within an &#8220;information world&#8221; constructed for him by his handlers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When a problem arises or a controversial statement is made, it is no longer enough to simply ask <em>why<\/em> a monk said what he said. We must find answers to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What information is actually reaching the monk?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who is ensuring that specific information reaches him?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What information is being hidden or blocked from him?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who is exploiting his moral authority to advance a political agenda?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary frame in Ma Ba Tha discourse is &#8220;protection&#8221;\u2014protecting race, religion, Sasana, and nation. These words manufacture a sense of <strong>moral urgency<\/strong>. When a person stops viewing themselves as an aggressor and starts seeing themselves purely as a defender, they can begin to rationalize exclusion, social pressure, hate speech, and discrimination as a &#8220;moral duty.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While some senior monks may sincerely believe this frame, the intermediaries are the ones making the frame more aggressive, explicitly identifying enemies, and broadcasting it to the masses. Viewed through <strong>social identity theory<\/strong>, the identity of &#8220;Buddhist\/Burman\/Race-Religion&#8221; is constructed as the <em>in-group<\/em>, while those of different faiths are painted as the <em>out-group<\/em>. The easiest way to mobilize a group of people is to make them feel that their group identity is under imminent threat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through this process, senior monks undergo a <strong>role shift<\/strong>: moving from the role of a <em>doctrinal teacher<\/em> (a guide to spiritual liberation) to an <em>identity guardian<\/em> (a defender of the group\u2019s identity). A monk ceases to be just a preacher of Dhamma and becomes a warner against national, racial, and religious peril. This role shift is profoundly significant because the monk\u2019s religious authority is effectively weaponized for political identity mobilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resource Mobilization and the Machinery of Power<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These movements gained immense traction and reached deep into the public because they possessed ample resources: existing monastery networks, devotee networks, funding, the personal prestige of the senior monks, Dhamma assemblies, and meditation retreats. This perfectly mirrors <strong>resource mobilization theory<\/strong> in social movement literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Building this kind of infrastructure is actually much faster than establishing a political party. Why? Because monasteries already exist in every community, the moral authority of the Sangha is already established, and public trust is pre-existing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, the role of intermediaries becomes even more visible. They organize the resources. They turn a monk&#8217;s speech into an event, an event into a movement, and a movement into political pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My main point is this: <em>Certain monks are not necessarily acting under direct orders from a hidden handler; rather, their <strong>cognitive environment<\/strong> is completely controlled by those around them.<\/em> The definitions of what information is deemed important, who is labeled an enemy, which organization is branded as having a &#8220;foreign agenda,&#8221; and which interfaith program is deemed a &#8220;faith-destroying plot&#8221; are gradually built up by the people closest to the monks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This can be termed <strong>cognitive capture<\/strong>. Just as an organization can be captured financially, an individual&#8217;s worldview can be captured using information filters. If a senior monk is constantly surrounded by people telling him that the Sasana is in danger, that Western nations are trying to destroy Buddhism, and that Muslims, Christians, or NGOs have a grand plan to dismantle his faith, his decisions will naturally emerge from that fear-based frame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the public frequently uses the term &#8220;brainwashing&#8221; to describe this, academic theories refer to it as <strong>selective exposure, information asymmetry, echo chambers, and elite cueing<\/strong>. Senior monks may be masters of religious literature, but if they cannot independently verify political data, they become entirely dependent on the intermediaries around them. And that dependency is where real power lies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion and Solutions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This mechanism allows lay actors to convert monastic moral authority into political capital. A monk\u2019s virtue, seniority, scriptural mastery, and spiritual reputation form a baseline of public trust. Intermediaries exploit this trust, operating under the assumption that &#8220;if the venerable monk said it, it must be true,&#8221; to distribute political messages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This ties into Antonio Gramsci\u2019s concept of <strong>hegemony<\/strong>. Power does not sustain itself through coercion alone; it must manufacture <strong>consent<\/strong>. It makes the public believe that a certain ideology is natural, that certain protections are necessary, and that certain groups must be feared. Religious authority is the most potent weapon for gaining compliance from believers. Consequently, a monk\u2019s Dhamma assembly ceases to be a purely religious event and transforms into a nationalist ritual. &#8220;Protecting the Sasana&#8221; becomes a political language used to mobilize public morality\u2014a highly effective vocabulary for mass political mobilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, when analyzing these cases, we must not dismiss senior monks as mere, passive pawns. Some monks are genuine <em>ideological leaders<\/em> acting intensely on their own convictions, while others deliberately enter the fray as political actors. Yet, many others participate due to a lack of understanding, limited exposure, and the heavy influence of intermediaries. Distinguishing between these groups is the only fair way to evaluate the situation; treating them as a monolith leads to flawed conclusions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hard-core ideological entrepreneurs<\/strong> must be deterred through accountability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sincere but misinformed monks<\/strong> who have been misled by systemic disinformation can be reached through dialogue, respectful explanations (<em>lyauk-hta-hchin<\/em>), exposure, conflict-sensitive education, international communication training, and interfaith relationship-building.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This will not always work, but there are historical precedents where it has succeeded, alongside instances where it failed\u2014especially since the broader networks of dependency still play an active role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, if we only look at the prominent senior monks standing at the forefront of ethno-religious extremist movements, our vision remains incomplete. We must analyze who is operating around them as lay brokers, <em>kappiyas<\/em>, assistants, donor networks, media handlers, and political connectors. We must examine how they operate and what outcomes they produce. <strong>These individuals constitute the actual machinery that converts monastic prestige and public trust into political power.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In sum, from a political science lens, the rise of religious extremism and nationalism is not a product of monastic doctrine alone. It is a complex phenomenon driven by a combination of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Religious elites operating under <strong>bounded rationality<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fear-based nationalist <strong>framing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lay intermediary capture<\/strong> of information environments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resource mobilization<\/strong> via existing religious infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The conversion of <strong>moral authority into political capital<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This demonstrates why, in interfaith work, it is insufficient to merely invite senior monks to dialogue tables. We must actively engage their <em>kappiyas<\/em>, assistants, lay organizers, media distributors, and donor liaisons. If we do not, a senior monk may gain a progressive understanding during a workshop, but the moment he steps back into his surrounding echo chamber, he will inevitably be pulled right back into the original narrative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As for who these specific individuals operating closest to the monks are, and how they pull these strings? I will continue that discussion in the coming days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note: The translation preserves the academic terminology used by the author to dissect the sociopolitical environment of Myanmar&#8217;s recent history.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/phyo.wai.33?__cft__[0]=AZbRzyp1Y-LxchOebMECRgOyhqoYX-zYqtoAI4WNlZzVlsLBmucdWpiCXVdY8TrdNXgdlF7WNDQu-v_ljgip326x-L3dvE1YfJa9HdxAY3R7fiNcrccZBRVG9PMDaIery7J3P8vM95HDoS19Oo4FdogANRGce-ILVsesC7L-nepabA&amp;__tn__=-]C%2CP-R\">Phyo Wai<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;is at&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Hackney-Town-Hall-155656167785845\/?__cft__[0]=AZbRzyp1Y-LxchOebMECRgOyhqoYX-zYqtoAI4WNlZzVlsLBmucdWpiCXVdY8TrdNXgdlF7WNDQu-v_ljgip326x-L3dvE1YfJa9HdxAY3R7fiNcrccZBRVG9PMDaIery7J3P8vM95HDoS19Oo4FdogANRGce-ILVsesC7L-nepabA&amp;__tn__=kC%2CP-R\">Hackney Town Hall<\/a><\/strong>.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1005\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1016\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1001\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b disclaimer \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a case study \u101f\u102c \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1041\u1040 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1000 \u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1001\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 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\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102c \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000 \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c English words \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1000..\u1010\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b 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\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u100b\u1000\u1010\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1015\u1031\u104a \u1018\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a 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\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103b\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b \u1010\u102c\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1036\u1021\u101b \u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u1015\u1032 \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1030\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b Social movement theory \u1021\u101b \u101c\u1030\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f mobilize \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u101b\u102c\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1030\u104a \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1030\u104a \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1030 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a framing \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104b \u1019\u1018\u101e\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1049\u1046\u1049 \u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1042\u1040\u1041\u1042 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 frame \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f mobilization \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1031\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1000 \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a frame \u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1021\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u101f\u102c\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f case study \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1025\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1005\u1025\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u104b \u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e case \u1000\u102d\u102f Herbert Simon \u101b\u1032\u1037 bounded rationality \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u101e\u102e\u1021\u102d\u102f\u101b\u102e\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1010\u1001\u102f\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u1005\u102f\u1036\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104b \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102e\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1018\u101d\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1010\u101a\u103a \u1010\u1032\u1037\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a minority rights \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101b\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104a interfaith dialogue \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 self-confidence \u1014\u1032\u1037 religious superiority claim \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101c\u103b\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1010\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1010\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1019\u101e\u102d\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 exposure \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a training \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1000\u102c\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1016\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1021\u1019\u1030\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1000 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f hard-core extremist \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a analysis \u1019\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 ideological entrepreneur \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 ideological consumer \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030 \u1010\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1000\u103c\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a frame \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u104a threat narrative \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u101e\u1010\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102d\u101a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a lay organizers \u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1010\u103a\u104a \u1018\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 influence \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c formal authority \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a access \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1018\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1010\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1019\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1015\u1032 filter \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b information gatekeeping \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f brokers \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a intermediaries \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1011\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1006\u102e\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 moral authority \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 political capital \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101b\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f mobilization \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1037.. \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000 \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102b \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 religious sense \u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f intermediary \u1000 \u1012\u102e\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\/\u1012\u102e\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102b \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 political threat narrative \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101d\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1012\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1000 \u1002\u102f\u100f\u1015\u1030\u1007\u102c\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u104a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101d\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 pamphlet, Facebook post, \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032, donation network, private meeting \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1010\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b \u1010\u1001\u102b\u1010\u101c\u1031 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u102c\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1032 \u1006\u103d\u1032\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a(cherry picking) \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 case \u1019\u103e\u102c principal-agent problem \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 principal \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1000 \u1026\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1030\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1014\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1005\u102f\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1000\u103b\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u104a schedule \u1001\u103b\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u104a donor \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a decision environment \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u101c\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000 formal authority \u1000 \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1006\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a operational control \u1000 \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1006\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a \u1026\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1011\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1000\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 information world \u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1019\u102d\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u1037\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u104b \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1001\u102f\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1010\u102c\u101c\u1032 \u1019\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1006\u102e \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1016\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\/ \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1032\u104a \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101e\u1030\u1037 moral authority \u1000\u102d\u102f political agenda \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1014\u1031\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1019\u103e\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1019\u1018\u101e discourse \u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 frame \u1000 \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u104a \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 moral urgency \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u1030\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1030 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b \u101e\u1030\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 exclusion, pressure, hate speech, discrimination \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a moral duty \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f frame \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1000\u103b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e frame \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1011\u1032\u1015\u103b\u1036\u1037\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e case \u1000\u102d\u102f social identity theory \u1014\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a 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\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 religious authority \u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 identity mobilization \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u1036\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u104b \u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1011\u1032\u1015\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102c resource \u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1018\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u1000\u102c\u1012\u1000\u102c\u1019 network \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101c\u103e\u1030\u1004\u103d\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1002\u102f\u100f\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1000\u1039\u1001\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031\/\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b Social movement theory \u1011\u1032\u1000 resource mobilization theory \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1011\u1004\u103a 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authority \u1000\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102c intermediary \u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102c\u101c\u102c\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 resource \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f organize \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f event \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b event \u1000\u102d\u102f movement \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b movement \u1000\u102d\u102f political pressure \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1019\u102d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038 \u1014\u1031\u101e\u1030\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 cognitive environment \u1000\u102d\u102f 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\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 capture \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 worldview \u1000\u102d\u102f information filter \u1014\u1032\u1037 capture \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e \u1021\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a Muslim\/Christian\/NGO \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 plan \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1032 \u101d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e fear-based frame \u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u1032 \u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1010\u103a \u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c brainwash \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1030\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1021\u102d\u102f\u101b\u102e\u1021\u101b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 selective exposure, information asymmetry, echo chamber, elite cueing \u1005\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1016\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1016\u1030\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1015\u1031\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a independent verification \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1000 intermediary \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u1015\u1032 power \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e case \u101b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000 \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 moral authority \u1000\u102d\u102f lay actors \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 political capital \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102e\u101c\u1002\u102f\u100f\u103a\u104a \u101d\u102b\u104a \u1005\u102c\u1015\u1031\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1037\u1002\u102f\u100f\u103a\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u101b\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f intermediary \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037 public trust \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 political message \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u101f\u102c \u1019\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1000 \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1011\u1032 \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 Gramsci \u101b\u1032\u1037 hegemony \u1014\u1032\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1011\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1032 \u1019\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b consent \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1012\u102e\u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1000 \u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1000\u103b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u102f\u1036\u101c\u102c\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u100a\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u102c \u1021\u1032\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u101f\u102c \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1018\u1032 nationalist ritual \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b \u101e\u102c\u101e\u1014\u102c\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1000 public morality \u1000\u102d\u102f mobilize \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 political language \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101d\u1031\u102b\u101f\u102c\u101b\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u101c\u1031\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102e case \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u1036\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f ideological leader \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u1019\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1011\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038 actor \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1019\u1004\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1019\u101e\u102d\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1019\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a limited exposure, intermediary influence \u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u1015\u1032 \u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104b \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1010\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b Hard-core ideological entrepreneurs \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 accountability \u1014\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101b\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u103d\u1032\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038..\u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b dialogue, exposure, conflict-sensitive education, international communication training, interfaith relationship building \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u104b \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102c\u1013\u1000\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1000\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 dependency network \u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1015\u102b\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102ecase\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\/\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1000 \u1015\u102b\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032 \u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031 lay brokers, \u1000\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102d\u101a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a donor network, media handlers, political connectors \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101c\u1032\u104a\u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u1032\u104a\u1018\u102c\u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b \u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1018\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1019\u103e \u101e\u1036\u1003\u102c\u1037\u1002\u102f\u100f\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1000\u1039\u1001\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 actual machinery \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e case \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u1036 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1004\u102f\u1036\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\/ \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 doctrine \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 bounded rationality \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a religious elites, fear-based nationalist framing, lay intermediary capture, resource mobilization, moral authority to political capital conversio \u1005\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 phenomenon \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Interfaith work \u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1016\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 dialogue \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1032\u104b \u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1000\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102d\u101a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a lay organizers \u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a media \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u104a donor\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b engage \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1019\u101a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000 echo chamber \u1011\u1032\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1030\u101c narrative \u1011\u1032\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b \u1021\u1032\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1006\u101b\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1011\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NOTE: The photo is not of Ma Ba Tha but of the good neutral monks. Just shared for ilustrating. My comment before translating Ko Phyo Wai&#8216;s very good post about Ma Ba Tha Monks I agree with Ko Phyo Wai and wish to share the deeply personal and historic context. The firsthand account from my [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6166,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,7,6,133,127,1,130,11,10,16,126,123,62,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anti-racism","category-articles","category-history","category-human-rights-constitution-federal-democracy-social-nets-minority-rights","category-islam-hope-allah-swt","category-local-news","category-motivation","category-myanmar-muslims-history","category-news","category-opinion","category-rumours-scams-kyar-phyant","category-story","category-thidagu-sitagu-sayadaw-wirathu","category-world-muslims"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6206"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6211,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6206\/revisions\/6211"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}