{"id":4649,"date":"2026-01-16T06:10:28","date_gmt":"2026-01-16T06:10:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=4649"},"modified":"2026-01-22T07:38:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:38:03","slug":"maha-bandula-and-the-forgotten-destruction-of-the-ahom-shan-kingdom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2026\/01\/16\/maha-bandula-and-the-forgotten-destruction-of-the-ahom-shan-kingdom\/","title":{"rendered":"Maha Bandula and the Forgotten Destruction of the Ahom Shan Kingdom \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1016\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u1014\u1039\u1013\u102f\u101c\u104f \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Between <strong>1812 and 1819<\/strong>, during the final phase of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty\u2019s western expansion, the armies of the Burmese general <strong>Maha Bandula<\/strong> carried out brutal campaigns in the <strong>Ahom (Shan) kingdom of Assam<\/strong>, in present-day India. These campaigns, ordered by the Burmese kings ruling from Ava and later Mandalay, were not merely military conquests but <strong>systematic acts of terror aimed at breaking resistance and permanently subjugating the Ahom Shan population<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u1014\u1039\u1013\u102f\u101c\u1000 \u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036 \u1021\u101f\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bsjPb7Z_jnk?start=265&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to <strong>Sir Edward Gait<\/strong>, the British historian and author of <em>A History of Assam<\/em>, the Burmese occupation was marked by <strong>extraordinary cruelty<\/strong>. Large segments of the civilian population\u2014particularly <strong>men and boys<\/strong>\u2014were killed or terrorised in ways intended to intimidate and destroy communal resistance. Gait records that <strong>as much as two-thirds of the population<\/strong> may have perished or been displaced during this period, with at least <strong>one-third of the male population eliminated<\/strong>. The result was not only demographic devastation but the <strong>complete collapse of Ahom political and social organisation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These atrocities so thoroughly weakened the Ahom state that, although it had survived for nearly <strong>six centuries (circa 1220\u20131812)<\/strong> under a continuous dynasty, it could no longer recover. By <strong>1839<\/strong>, the once-powerful Ahom kingdom\u2014renowned for successfully resisting repeated <strong>Mughal invasions<\/strong>\u2014was finally annexed by the British. The Burmese destruction thus directly paved the way for British colonial consolidation in Assam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historically, the Ahoms were a <strong>Shan polity<\/strong>, with ancestral roots tracing back to <strong>Mong Mao (568\u20131604 AD)<\/strong>, whose descendants also ruled <strong>Hsenwi (Theinni)<\/strong> in what is now northern Myanmar. The Ahom case therefore represents not an isolated tragedy, but part of a <strong>wider pattern of violence inflicted by the Burmese court against non-Bamar ethnic polities<\/strong>, including <strong>Shans, Rakhines, Mons, and others<\/strong>, long before British colonialism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interpretation is reinforced by Shan royal and political testimony. In <em>\u201cDialogue with a Shan Leader: H.R.H. Hso Khan Pha\u201d<\/em>, Prince <strong>Hso Khan Pha<\/strong>\u2014son of <strong>Sao Shwe Thaik<\/strong>, the last Saopha of Yawnghwe (Nyaung Shwe) and the <strong>first President of independent Burma<\/strong>\u2014explicitly references the Ahom tragedy as a historical warning. Interviewed by <strong>Dr Tayza<\/strong>, Chief Editor of <em>The Burma Digest<\/em>, Prince Hso Khan Pha situates the massacre within a long continuum of <strong>Burman royal militarism and ethnic domination<\/strong>, a legacy that continues to shape Myanmar\u2019s modern conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, these events are increasingly <strong>contested or erased<\/strong> by Myanmar military-aligned narratives, including coordinated <strong>cyber-trooper interventions on platforms such as Wikipedia<\/strong>. The deliberate sanitisation of figures like Maha Bandula\u2014often portrayed solely as anti-colonial heroes\u2014ignores their role in <strong>mass violence against neighbouring Asian peoples<\/strong>, including fellow Tai-Shan communities and Rakhines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The historical record, however, remains clear. The destruction of the Ahom kingdom was <strong>not caused by British conquest<\/strong>, but by <strong>Burmese imperial brutality<\/strong>, which fatally weakened one of Southeast Asia\u2019s longest-surviving indigenous states. Recognising this truth is essential\u2014not to inflame ethnic hatred\u2014but to <strong>challenge militarised myth-making<\/strong> and to affirm that <strong>state violence, whether pre-colonial or modern, must be named and remembered<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sir Edward Gait, <em>A History of Assam<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Dialogue with a Shan Leader, H.R.H. Hso Khan Pha<\/em>, interview with Dr Tayza, <em>The Burma Digest<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>I retrieved this from the Wikipedia article which was attacked and edited or deleted the facts to rewrite by the history by Myanmar Military Cyber-trooper. (But I successfully published in India&#8217;s pages in Wikipedia, which is partially protected by WIKIPEDIA so that Myanmar cybertroopers could not attack, lasting for about 15 yrs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Clarification on the Ahom (Ahon) Shans, the Patkai Range, and Early Migration Routes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ahom (often written as <em>Ahon<\/em>) Shans should not be understood merely as \u201cbrothers\u201d of the Shan ethnic minorities now living on the Indian side of the border. <strong>They are, in fact, the same Tai\u2013Shan people of Burma\/Myanmar<\/strong>, who historically migrated westward after crossing the mountain barriers separating China, Burma, and the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burma\/Myanmar has, since antiquity, functioned as a <strong>civilizational corridor<\/strong>\u2014a natural land bridge between the great civilizations of <strong>China and India<\/strong>, which are otherwise divided by the Himalayan massif. Through this corridor, successive waves of ethnic groups originating from southern China\u2014including Tai\u2013Shan peoples, Kachin, Chin, and others\u2014moved southward and westward. Some settled permanently within present-day Myanmar, while others continued onward into <strong>Assam, Northeast India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to clarify that the commonly used term <strong>\u201cPatkai Pass\u201d<\/strong> is technically inaccurate. What actually exists is the <strong>Patkai mountain range<\/strong>, a broad and complex system of hills and mountains forming much of the northern and northeastern frontier between Burma (Myanmar) and India. Rather than a single pass, the Patkai range contains <strong>multiple passes and corridors<\/strong> that have been used for centuries by migrating peoples, traders, and armies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among these, the <strong>Diphu Pass<\/strong>\u2014located near the tri-junction of <strong>India, China, and Myanmar<\/strong>\u2014is generally regarded as the <strong>northernmost significant pass<\/strong> in this region. Historically, such passes facilitated the westward movement of Tai\u2013Shan groups, including the ancestors of the Ahom Shans who eventually established a powerful kingdom in Assam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding this geography is crucial. The Ahom Shans did not emerge as a separate or alien group in India; rather, they represent a <strong>continuation of the same Tai\u2013Shan migratory stream<\/strong> that shaped much of Upper Burma\/Myanmar. Their history reinforces a broader truth: <strong>Burma has never been an isolated land<\/strong>, but a highway of peoples, cultures, and civilizations moving between East, Southeast, and South Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For a broader discussion of Burma\/Myanmar as an ancient migration corridor, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>READ : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2025\/07\/14\/highways-and-rat-lanes-migration-routes-through-burma\/\">\u201cHighways and Rat Lanes: Migration Routes Through Burma\u201d<\/a><\/em>, MMNN, 14 July 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1004\u101a\u103a\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1000 \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c &#8220;\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u1014\u1039\u1013\u102f\u101c&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1002\u101c\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1032\u101b\u1032\u101d\u1036\u1037\u101d\u1036\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u101b\u1032\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1032 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u101e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u101b\u102c\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 Dark Side \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1012\u102b\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1031\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036-\u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a (Ahom) \u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u103c\u1031\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1016\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1007\u102c\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a&#8221; \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1010\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1000 \u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1010\u1032\u1037 &#8220;\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a-\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038&#8221; (Tai-Shan) \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1015\u1032 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u102c\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038 (Pron: \/\u02c8\u0251\u02d0h\u0252m\/) \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a(\u1021\u102c\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a: \ud805\udf04\ud805\udf29 \ud805\udf12\ud805\udf11\ud805\udf2a\ud805\udf28; \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036: \u099f\u09be\u0987-\u0986\u09b9\u09cb\u09ae) \u101f\u102c \u1001\u102f \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a \u1021\u101b\u102f\u1014\u102c\u101b\u103e\u101a\u103a\u1015\u101b\u102c\u1012\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a \u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1007\u102c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1014\u102e (\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1031\u102c) \u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u1031\u1012\u102e \u1041\u1042\u1042\u1048 \u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1006\u1030\u1000\u102c\u1016\u102c (Chaolung Sukapha) \u101f\u102c \u1015\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u101e\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038 &#8220;\u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a&#8221; \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1002\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101a\u102c (Mughal) \u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1041\u1047 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103c\u1036\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1036\u1037\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1021\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1046\u1040\u1040 \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1011\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1041\u1049 \u101b\u102c\u1005\u102f\u1021\u1005 (\u1041\u1048\u1041\u1042-\u1041\u1048\u1041\u1049) \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a\u1014\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u1014\u1039\u1013\u102f\u101c \u1026\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1011\u1032 \u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 &#8220;\u1004\u101b\u1032\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038&#8221; \u1005\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1006\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101d\u1015\u103a \u1002\u102d\u1010\u103a (Sir Edward Gait) \u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1001\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1001\u1036 \u101c\u1030\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1021\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1010\u102c \u1012\u102b\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1001\u1036\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1014\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101f\u102c \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1017\u103c\u102d\u1010\u102d\u101e\u103b\u103e\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1000\u1030 \u1000\u103b\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000 \u1017\u103c\u102d\u1010\u102d\u101e\u103b\u103e\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101f\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c &#8220;\u101a\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038&#8221; \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1015\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038 (Patkai Range) \u1000 \u1012\u102d\u1015\u102f \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038 (Diphu Pass) \u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1000\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1005\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101d\u102e\u1000\u102e\u1015\u102e\u1038\u1012\u102e\u1038\u101a\u102c\u1038 (Wikipedia) \u101c\u102d\u102f \u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u1014\u1039\u1013\u102f\u101c\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b Cyber-troopers \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u100a\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1005\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1018\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1005\u1015\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1016 (H.R.H. Hso Khan Pha) \u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1012\u102e \u1021\u102c\u101e\u1036-\u1021\u101f\u102f\u1019\u103a \u1000\u103c\u1031\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1016\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101d\u102b\u1012\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 &#8220;\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101d\u102b\u1012&#8221; \u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1019\u103d\u1031\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038 \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1004\u103a\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u101a\u1030\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1018\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1014\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101d\u102b\u1012\u102e\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101b\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (References):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Sir Edward Gait, A History of Assam<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 S.L. Baruah, Last Days of Ahom Monarchy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 The Burma Digest, Dialogue with a Shan Leader: H.R.H. Hso Khan Pha (Interview with Dr. Tayza)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Wikipedia, Burmese Invasions of Assam (Verified data from protected international archives).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aung San Oo &#8211; Myanmar Muslims News Network<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-43.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4664\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-43.png 590w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-43-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"193\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-44.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4665\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Between 1812 and 1819, during the final phase of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty\u2019s western expansion, the armies of the Burmese general Maha Bandula carried out brutal campaigns in the Ahom (Shan) kingdom of Assam, in present-day India. These campaigns, ordered by the Burmese kings ruling from Ava and later Mandalay, were not merely military conquests [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4650,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6,29,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-history","category-interviews","category-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4649","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4649"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4649\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4691,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4649\/revisions\/4691"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4649"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4649"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4649"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}