{"id":4141,"date":"2025-12-01T10:39:11","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T10:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=4141"},"modified":"2026-02-25T10:19:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T10:19:34","slug":"q-a-no-19-please-explain-why-interest-is-forbidden-in-islam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2025\/12\/01\/q-a-no-19-please-explain-why-interest-is-forbidden-in-islam\/","title":{"rendered":"Q\/A No. 20. Please explain why INTEREST is forbidden in Islam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>In Islam, interest (Riba) is forbidden because it is seen as unjust enrichment, exploiting others\u2019 needs, and undermining fairness and social justice.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Qur\u2019an explicitly prohibits Riba, and Islamic scholars emphasize that it distorts economic balance by rewarding money without risk or productive effort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Why Interest (Riba) is Forbidden in Islam<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"184\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-27.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4143\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Religious Foundations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Qur\u2019anic prohibition<\/strong>: The Qur\u2019an condemns Riba in several verses (e.g., Surah Al-Baqarah 2:275\u2013279), equating it with<strong> injustice and warning of severe consequences for those who persist in it.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hadith reinforcement<\/strong>: Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) <strong>strongly warned against Riba, describing it as one of the gravest sins.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-28.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-28.png 225w, https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-28-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u1042\u1040\/ \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1015\u102b\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Cy5GNL3UUcI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ethical and Moral Reasons<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Exploitation of need<\/strong>: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Interest takes advantage of borrowers, especially the poor,<\/strong> by charging them extra simply for access to money.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unjust gain<\/strong>: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It <strong>allows lenders to profit without effort, risk, or contribution to society,<\/strong> which Islam considers unethical.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wealth concentration<\/strong>: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Interest systems enrich the wealthy <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>while burdening the needy, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>widening inequality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Economic and Social Dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Discourages real investment<\/strong>: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Islam encourages trade, <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>entrepreneurship, and <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>risk-sharing.<\/strong> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interest-based lending shifts wealth<\/strong> without creating value.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Creates instability<\/strong>: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Economies built on interest <strong>can lead to cycles of debt, poverty, and financial crises.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Promotes fairness<\/strong>: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>By forbidding Riba,<strong> Islam promotes profit-and-loss sharing,<\/strong> ensuring both parties bear risk and reward.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Broader Wisdom<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Islam views money as a <em>medium of exchange<\/em>,<\/strong> not a commodity to be rented out for profit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The prohibition of Riba aligns with <strong>Islam\u2019s larger vision of justice, compassion, and community welfare.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Interest is forbidden in Islam<\/strong> because it <strong>violates justice, exploits human vulnerability, and undermines social harmony<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead,<strong> Islam promotes ethical finance based on risk-sharing, fairness, and real economic activity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Islamic banking is accepted by many scholars, but some Muslims question whether certain modern practices truly avoid interest in spirit, making this an internal ethical discussion rather than a rejection of Islam or modern finance.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Islam strictly prohibits interest because it is seen as exploitative and unjust. Modern Islamic banking was created to avoid this, and many Muslim scholars accept it as legally permissible under Islamic law.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>However, some Muslims\u2014including myself and a number of respected scholars\u2014remain uncomfortable with certain practices, especially when transactions only differ from conventional interest in form but not in economic reality. When buying and selling are only technical or symbolic, the ethical spirit of the prohibition can feel lost.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>This is not a rejection of Islamic banking, but an internal moral debate within Islam\u2014similar to ethical debates in other faiths about capitalism, usury, or social justice. It reflects Islam\u2019s emphasis not only on legal rules, but also on fairness, transparency, and genuine risk-sharing.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NOTES FOR THOSE INTERESTED TO KNOW INDEPT ANALYSIS ABOUT ISLAMIC BANKING<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The <strong>mainstream \/ majority scholarly position<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most contemporary scholars <strong>who serve on Shariah boards<\/strong> of Islamic banks (including scholars from <strong>Al-Azhar, OIC Fiqh Academy, AAOIFI<\/strong>) hold that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Instruments such as <strong>Mur\u0101ba\u1e25ah<\/strong>, <strong>Ij\u0101rah<\/strong>, <strong>Mush\u0101rakah<\/strong>, and <strong>Mu\u1e0d\u0101rabah<\/strong> are <strong>technically valid contracts<\/strong> in classical fiqh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even if the <strong>economic outcome resembles interest<\/strong>, the <strong>legal form<\/strong> matters in Islamic law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As long as:<ul><li>ownership <em>formally<\/em> transfers,<\/li><li>risk exists <em>at least momentarily<\/em>,<\/li><li>and contracts meet fiqh conditions,<\/li><\/ul>then the transaction is <strong>hal\u0101l<\/strong>, though sometimes <strong>makr\u016bh<\/strong> (disliked).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Their argument:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cRib\u0101 is prohibited because of its <strong>legal structure<\/strong>, not merely its economic similarity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They often justify current practice as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u1e0dar\u016brah (necessity)<\/strong> in a rib\u0101-based global system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>or <strong>\u1e25\u0101jah \u2018\u0101mmah (widespread need)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Critical scholars \u2014 including respected traditional authorities<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>significant number of scholars strongly agree with your discomfort<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They argue that much of modern Islamic banking is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u1e25\u012blah (legal trickery)<\/strong> to bypass rib\u0101<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<strong>Rib\u0101 with Islamic labels<\/strong>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A betrayal of the <strong>moral objective (maq\u0101\u1e63id)<\/strong> of Shar\u012b\u02bfah<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scholars often cited in this camp include:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Shaykh Taqi Usmani<\/strong> (despite serving on boards, he openly criticised Islamic banks)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shaykh Wahbah al-Zuhayli<\/strong> (late)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dr. Monzer Kahf<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dr. Mahmoud El-Gamal<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter)<\/strong> \u2014 cautious and critical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many independent Salafi and traditional fiqh scholars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Their key objections match <strong>exactly what you said<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cBuying and selling <strong>imaginary bricks<\/strong>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No real commercial risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pre-fixed profit identical to interest<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Benchmarking against <strong>LIBOR \/ KIBOR \/ conventional rates<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Banks behaving like <strong>creditors<\/strong>, not partners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Shaykh Taqi Usmani famously said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cMost of the products offered by Islamic banks today do not genuinely fulfill the spirit of Islamic finance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. The <strong>key juristic divide<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the <strong>core disagreement<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. <strong>Form-based jurists<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Law judges <em>external compliance<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If contract structure is sound \u2192 valid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accepts imperfect implementation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. <strong>Maq\u0101\u1e63id-based jurists<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Law judges <em>economic reality<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If outcome replicates rib\u0101 \u2192 impermissible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rejects legal stratagems (\u1e25iyal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>You clearly align with the <strong>second approach<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Classical precedent supports your concern<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Classical scholars <strong>warned strongly against this exact behaviour<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Im\u0101m M\u0101lik<\/strong> rejected sales that merely disguise loans<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Im\u0101m Ibn Taymiyyah<\/strong> condemned sales that functioned as rib\u0101<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Im\u0101m Ibn al-Qayyim<\/strong> wrote extensively against legal tricks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>They argued:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cChanging names does not change realities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. What many sincere Muslims do in practice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Among conscientious Muslims (including scholars):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Avoid debt entirely unless unavoidable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prefer:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>cash purchases<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>co-operative models<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>real equity participation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use Islamic banks <strong>only as a lesser evil<\/strong>, not as ideal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Some scholars explicitly say:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cIf you feel moral certainty that a product is rib\u0101 in disguise, avoid it.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. A balanced conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You are <strong>not rejecting Islam<\/strong>, <strong>not being extreme<\/strong>, and <strong>not alone<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Your position is <strong>within orthodox Islamic discourse<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many scholars share your discomfort<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Islamic banking today is often <strong>legally Shar\u012b\u02bfah-compliant but ethically weak<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A well-known summary statement is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201cIslamic banking exists, but Islamic finance does not yet.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a0<strong>\u1042\u1040\/\u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1015\u102b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038 (\u101b\u102d\u1018\u102c) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1000\u103c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u1005\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101f\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1000\u102f\u101b\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u102d\u1018\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u2013<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102b\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u1015\u102b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u1015\u102b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u101a\u103a\u104a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103e\u1031\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101e\u101a\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1015\u102b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u102c\u101a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d\u1019\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1032<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038<\/strong>\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u101a\u1030\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038 (\u101b\u102d\u1018\u102c) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1018\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u102f\u101b\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u2013 \u1000\u102f\u101b\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u102d\u1018\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c \u2013&nbsp;<strong>\u1005\u1030\u101b\u102c \u1021\u101a\u103a-\u1018\u102c\u1000\u102c\u101b\u102c \u1042:\u1042\u1047\u1045-\u1042\u1047\u1049<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101f\u102f\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u104d \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u1031\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1010\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102d\u102f\u101f\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1012\u103a (\u1006\u103d)&nbsp;<\/strong>\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1011\u1014\u103a \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u201d \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1032\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1004\u103d\u1031\u101a\u1030\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101a\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\/\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1012\u1031\u101d\u102b\u101c\u102e\u1001\u1036 \u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\/\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1000 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036 \u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031 \u1021\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103d\u1032\u1005\u102c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u104b \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1039\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101b \u1005\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103e\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101a\u1039\u1001\u102f\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u104c\u1015\u1004\u103a \u101e\u102e\u101b\u102d\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1000\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104a \u1015\u102b\u1000\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1010\u1014\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1016\u101b\u102d\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1031\u1038 \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u104c \u1019\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1021\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1036\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u104d \u101a\u1039\u1001\u102f\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u104c \u2018\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103a\u2019 \u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a \u2018\u1004\u102b\u1038\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u2019\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1018\u101d\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1017\u1019\u102c\u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a\u1038\u100a\u103e\u1005\u103a \u1002\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1015\u103a\u104d \u1021\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1036\u101e\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103e \u1019\u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a \u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u1015\u102b\u1018\u1032 \u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1024\u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u100a\u102e\u101f\u102f \u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101a\u1030\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1000\u103c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1000\u102c&nbsp;<strong>\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032-\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1019\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong>\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c 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\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038 (Islamic Banking)&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031 (Shariah) \u1021\u101b \u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a&nbsp;<strong>\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1021\u101b \u101e\u102c\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u101b\u102e\u1018\u102c&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1019\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u101f\u102f \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a&nbsp;<strong>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038<\/strong>\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u101a\u1030\u1006\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a&nbsp;<strong>\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1000 \u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000 \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1030\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a&nbsp;<strong>\u1005\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u101e\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1030\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f&nbsp;\u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036<strong>\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1013\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a (ethical spirit)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101d\u101a\u103a\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u104a \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1000\u1031\u1010\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038&nbsp;<strong>\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\/\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f (risk-sharing)&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u104f \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1024\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a&nbsp;<strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b<\/strong>\u104b \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d&nbsp;<strong>\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1013\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1017\u1031\u1012\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1014\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u101e\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1019\u1000&nbsp;<strong>\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102c\u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\/\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101d\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1014\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101e\u102d\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1041) \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u104f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f Shariah Board \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f (Al-Azhar, OIC Fiqh Academy, AAOIFI \u1005\u101e\u100a\u103a) \u1000\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mur\u0101ba\u1e25ah, Ij\u0101rah, Mush\u0101rakah, Mu\u1e0d\u0101rabah \u1005\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u102d\u1001\u1037\u103a\u101f\u103a \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1021\u101b \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1030\u1014\u1031\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a\u00a0<strong>\u1005\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u00a0<\/strong>\u1005\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u00a0<strong>\u101f\u102c\u101c\u102c\u101c\u103a<\/strong>\u00a0\u101f\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b (\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u00a0<strong>\u1019\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103d\u101a\u103a<\/strong>\u00a0makr\u016bh \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f\u101a\u1030\u1006\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102c-\u201cRib\u0101 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1032 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038&nbsp;<strong>\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u1014\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (\u1e0dar\u016brah)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a&nbsp;<strong>\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1030\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (\u1e25\u0101jah \u2018\u0101mmah)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1042) \u101d\u1031\u1016\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a&nbsp;\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a<strong> \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037<\/strong> \u1000\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u00a0<strong>\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u101c\u103e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a (\u1e25\u012blah)<\/strong>\u00a0\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shariah \u104f \u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (maq\u0101\u1e63id) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1005\u1039\u1005\u102c\u1016\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101f\u102f\u1005\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u103d\u1032\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u2014<br>Shaykh Taqi Usmani<br>Shaykh Wahbah al-Zuhayli<br>Dr. Monzer Kahf<br>Dr. Mahmoud El-Gamal<br>Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter)<br>\u1005\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u101d\u1031\u1016\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1030\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1017\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f BLR (Basic Landing Rate) \/ LIBOR (\u00a0London Interbank Offered Rate) \u1005\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u00a0<strong>\u101e\u102c\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101a\u1030\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037<\/strong>\u00a0\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u1030\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Shaykh Taqi Usmani \u104f \u1014\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1000\u102c\u1038\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037<strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>\u104f \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a&nbsp;<strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104f \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a<\/strong>\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1019\u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1006\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1043) \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102c \u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u1005\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1021\u101b \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u104f\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1044) \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Im\u0101m M\u0101lik, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u1014\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101f\u102f \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1045) \u101a\u1014\u1031\u1037 \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1005\u1039\u1005\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u1014\u1031 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101d\u101a\u103a<\/strong>\u101b\u102c\u104c-\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u1004\u103d\u1031\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101a\u1030<\/strong>\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u104a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1015\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a \u1005\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1030\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a<\/strong>\u00a0\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1026\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u00a0<strong>\u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u101c\u1031\u1038 (lesser evil)<\/strong>\u00a0\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u1046) \u1021\u1000\u103b\u1025\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u00a0<strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a<\/strong>\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1004\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u101a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1000\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1010\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a \u104f\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u00a0<strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1013\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1017\u1031\u1012\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a<\/strong>\u00a0\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030 \u101c\u1030\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1018\u100f\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u104a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1000 \u1019\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1018\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1010\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a \u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c\u104b \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1012\u102e\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1012\u102b\u101f\u102c\u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1018\u1030\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1000\u103b\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1018\u102c\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u101c\u1032 \u1018\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u101e\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1032\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030\u1000\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1004\u103d\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1005\u102f\u1005\u1015\u103a \u1015\u102b\u1010\u1014\u102c\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1001\u1036 \u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1000 \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a \u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a- \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101b \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037-<strong>\u1004\u103d\u1031\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1019\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u104b \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u104a \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1036\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u101a\u1030\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1015\u1032\u101b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u1000\u102f\u101b\u103a\u1021\u1014\u103a\u1000 \u1005\u1030\u101b\u102c \u1021\u101a\u103a\u101c\u103a \u1018\u102c\u1000\u102c\u101b\u102c (\u1042-\u1042\u1047\u1045\/\u1042\u1047\u1049) \u1019\u103e\u102c-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1000 \u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1037\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u104b \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u2026\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1011\u102c\u1038\u104a&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>\u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u101c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1010\u1001\u102b\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1019\u1014\u103a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037&nbsp;<strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u101a\u1030\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1012\u102b\u1000\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1018\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032 \u1006\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101f\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000 \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038- \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1001\u1036\u104b \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1004\u102b\u1000 \u1019\u101b\u1019\u1000 \u101a\u1030\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u1032\u1000 \u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1030\u1006\u102e\u1021\u1018\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1001\u100a\u103e\u1005\u103a\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1012\u102b \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1032\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1018\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1001 \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a \u101a\u1030\u1019\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1010\u102c\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101b\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u101e\u1030\u1037\u1006\u102e\u1000\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1018\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u101e\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030 \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1030\u1006\u102e\u1000\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c \u1019\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1014\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u101a\u1030\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1010\u102c\u101f\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1017\u103b\u102c\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1001\u102f\u1000\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101f\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1002\u101c\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1000 \u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1010\u1030\u1010\u1030\u1015\u1032\u104a \u1010\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1000\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1027\u101b\u102c\u101d\u1010\u102e \u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101d\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u200c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1037\u1005\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000\u103b\u102e \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1037\u1005\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000\u103b\u102e \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102b\u1015\u1031\u1019\u1032\u1037 \u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101f\u102c \u101f\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a \u1018\u100f\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1006\u102e\u1000 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1031\u1038\u101a\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1017\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u101c\u1031\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a \u1001\u1032\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b \u1021\u1005\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1041\u1049\u1043\u1040 \u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1037\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u104a \u1005\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1005\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1039\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1012\u102f\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101c\u101a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1019\u102e\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1032\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u101c\u1032\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101a\u1030\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1010\u102c\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1030\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u102b\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1032\u101c\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101b\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1018\u102c\u1019\u103e\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u101b\u102c\u1019\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1018\u1030\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101a\u1030\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u103e\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b\u1000 \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1037\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1030\u1011\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1018\u102c\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102b\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1000 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1018\u1030\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1010\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1010\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101a\u1030\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1000\u103c\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037\u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1012\u102f\u1000\u1039\u1001\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u1032\u1012\u102e\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u1032\u1037\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u1030\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1018\u1030\u1038\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1000 \u1021\u1005\u102f\u1005\u1015\u103a \u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1021\u1032\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1036\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u1036 \u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1018\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1000 \u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1021\u1032\u1037\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u1004\u103a-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u101a\u103a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1014\u103d\u1036\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1019\u103d\u1032\u1010\u1031\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1010\u102c\u104b \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u200c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1011\u102d\u1010\u102c\u1015\u1032\u104b \u101c\u1031\u101a\u102c\u1009\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1010\u102c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1006\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1010\u102c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104a \u1021\u1032\u1037\u1012\u102e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u104b\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Islam, interest (Riba) is forbidden because it is seen as unjust enrichment, exploiting others\u2019 needs, and undermining fairness and social justice. The Qur\u2019an explicitly prohibits Riba, and Islamic scholars emphasize that it distorts economic balance by rewarding money without risk or productive effort. Why Interest (Riba) is Forbidden in Islam Religious Foundations Ethical and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4142,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6,16,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-history","category-opinion","category-world-muslims"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4141","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4141"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4141\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4899,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4141\/revisions\/4899"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4141"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4141"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}