{"id":1835,"date":"2025-07-12T13:46:41","date_gmt":"2025-07-12T13:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=1835"},"modified":"2025-07-12T13:49:50","modified_gmt":"2025-07-12T13:49:50","slug":"the-origins-of-the-myanma-bythant-myint-u-%e1%80%92%e1%80%b1%e1%80%ab%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba%e1%80%90%e1%80%ac-%e1%80%9e%e1%80%94%e1%80%b7%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2025\/07\/12\/the-origins-of-the-myanma-bythant-myint-u-%e1%80%92%e1%80%b1%e1%80%ab%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba%e1%80%90%e1%80%ac-%e1%80%9e%e1%80%94%e1%80%b7%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"The origins of the \u201cMyanma\u201d byThant Myint-U \u1012\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102c \u101e\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1026\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c \u1018\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1005\u101e\u101c\u1032\u104b (\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1021\u1005 \u1010\u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1000)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Thant Myint-U February 22, 2015 \u00b7
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many people have asked about this, and I thought I would post on what I know.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, it\u2019s important to remember that ethnicity is an ever changing thing. What it means to be \u201cAmerican\u201d or \u201cIndian\u201d or \u201cGerman\u201d today is different from 100 or 200 years ago. What is means to be \u201cMyanmar\u201d today may be completely different than in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, it\u2019s important to remember that the history of a language (e.g. Burmese or Myanmar) is not the same as genetic history. People speaking Burmese today may or may not be genetically close to their linguistic cousins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That said, I think this is what we know:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. A great civilisation existed at Sanxingdui in what is today Sichuan approximately 3,000 years ago. We still know very little about this civilisation. It was distinct from the Yellow River civilisations to the north-west that gave rise to the earliest Chinese dynasties. There is reason to believe that this civilisation included speakers of languages ancestral to the \u201cTibeto-Burman\u201d languages of today (including Myanmar). The Chinese Qin dynasty annexed this area in 316 BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Two significant kingdoms existed in what is today Yunnan and Guizhou approximately 2,000 years ago: Dian and Yelang. It is very probable that the rulers of both spoke \u201cTibeto-Burman\u201d languages including the ancestral language of Burmese (Myanmar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Dian was a great bronze-age civilisation. The photograph is of a cowrie-shell container that was buried with a Dian ruler. On top is a horseman. The hairstyle is a hairstyle that has been adopted by many Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples, including in Yunnan and in today\u2019s Myanmar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. The Dian people would have had close ties with people and places in the Irrawaddy valley, including early bronze-age settlements that gave rise to the \u201cPyu\u201d cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Burmese is a Tibeto-Burman language. It is a part of the Burmese-Yi subfamily. It\u2019s closest linguistic relative is \u201cYi\u201d (formerly known as \u201cLolo\u201d). I believe the Dian rulers spoke a language ancestral to both Burmese and Yi. Yi is spoken today by about 5 million people in China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. The Dian kingdom gave way in the 600s to the Nanzhao. The Nanzhao created a very large empire from their base in western Yunnan. The Nanzhao conquered part of the Irrawaddy valley in the 800s. I believe the Nanzhao rulers spoke a language similar to modern Burmese and Yi. The Nanzhao were a major power between Tibet and Tang dynasty China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. The period of Nanzhao domination of the Irrawaddy valley was the period that gave rise to the \u201cMyanma\u201d ethnic identity. Very possibly, the \u201cMyanma\u201d identity arose from a relationship between the Nanzhao and the peoples already living in the Irrawaddy valley (e.g. the \u201cPyu\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Yunnan under both the Dian and Nanzhao were famous for its horses and its horsemanship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. The word \u201cMyanma\u201d (spelled \u201cMranma\u201d) first appears in inscriptions in the 11th century. It is possibly a variation of the word \u201cMrang-ma\u201d or \u201cMyin-ma\u201d. The \u201cMranma\u201d people were thus the people of the \u201cstrong horses\u201d or the \u201cstrong horsemen\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. This does not necessarily mean that there was a big influx of people from Yunnan to the Irrawaddy valley in Nanzhao times, but rather that the Burmese-Yi language was adopted by a growing number of people centred at the new power base \u2013 Pagan\/Bagan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Very interestingly, the earliest Bagan kings (Pyusawhti, Htiyinmin, Yinminpaik, etc) \u2013 all used the Nanzhao naming system, whereby the last name of the father becomes the first name of the son. For example, the Nanzhao kings were named Piluoge, Geluofeng, Fengjiayi, etc.). Bagan may have grown up as a Nanzhao outpost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. One of the great annual festivals in Yunnan today is the Torch festival. I believe this goes back to Nanzhao times. In one variation, it centres on the myth of a very strong brother and his beautiful sister, who were tricked by an evil king; the brother was burned alive, the sister jumped into the flames and died as well. This is of course almost identical to the Burmese myth of the Mahagiri nats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Nanzhao declined in the 10th century, just as Bagan rose up. Nanzhao\u2019s successor state was the kingdom of Dali. Dali was a Buddhist kingdom, it\u2019s capital was already called \u201cMithila\u201d (Meikhtila). It\u2019s Buddhism was a form of esoteric Buddhism (known in the Irrawaddy valley by memories of the \u201cAri\u201d monks). Dali was annexed by the Mongols in the 13th century. Yunnan was part of China from then on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. The ancestral \u201cMyanma\u201d or \u201cMranma\u201d may thus have been horse-riding immigrants from Nanzhao\/Yunnan who first entered the country in the 9th century. They may have been descended from people who were part of the earlier Dian and Yelang kingdoms, and even further back the great bronze age civilisation of Sanxingdui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. This doesn\u2019t mean that the \u201cMyanmar\u201d or \u201cBamar\u201d of today are descendants of these people, except in part. People in Myanmar today (including the \u201cBamar\u201d) are genetically a mix of peoples, including the Austroasiatic peoples and other Tibeto-Burman peoples who were already living in the Irrawaddy valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Future genetic testing may tell us much more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(Photo of Dian kingdom cowrie-shell container with horseman 3rd century BC. Maps of Dian era and Nanzhao era Asia.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bronze cowry container, the lid of which is decorated with four bulls and a gilded Dian warrior on horseback, all of which were cast separately and mechanically joined to the lid. Excavated at Shizhaishan (M10:53). Height 50 cm. After Zhang Zengqi 1998: fig. 31.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1019\u103c\u1019\u1039\u1019\u102c Myanmar
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\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013
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(\u1000\u102f\u101c\u101e\u1019\u1002\u1039\u1002\u1021\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1030\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101f\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1026\u1038\u101e\u1014\u1037\u103a\u104f \u1019\u103c\u1031\u1038
BSc (Government and Economics) Harvard University,
MA (International Relations and International Economics) Johns Hopkins University,
PhD (History) Cambridge University
Postdoctoral Researcher, Trinity College, Cambridge) \u104f
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Credit: Thant Myint-U\/ The origins of the \u201cMyanma\u201d. \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b
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Lin Htet Swe<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Thant Myint-U February 22, 2015 \u00b7 Many people have asked about this, and I thought I would post on what I know. First of all, it\u2019s important to remember that ethnicity is an ever changing thing. What it means to be \u201cAmerican\u201d or \u201cIndian\u201d or \u201cGerman\u201d today is different from 100 or 200 years ago. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1839,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1835","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1835"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1840,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1835\/revisions\/1840"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1839"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1835"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1835"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}