{"id":1766,"date":"2025-07-11T05:47:58","date_gmt":"2025-07-11T05:47:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/?p=1766"},"modified":"2025-07-11T05:49:07","modified_gmt":"2025-07-11T05:49:07","slug":"let-the-data-speak-the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-pathi-burmese-muslims-in-myanmar-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/2025\/07\/11\/let-the-data-speak-the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-pathi-burmese-muslims-in-myanmar-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Let the Data Speak: The Forgotten Legacy of the Pathi (Burmese Muslims) in Myanmar History"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By <strong>Zaw Zaw Latt<\/strong><br>(Translated and edited for MMNN)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of relying on emotion alone, let us speak with truth, evidence, and historical documentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Much of the Muslim population in Myanmar today\u2014often referred to as <strong>Burmese Muslims<\/strong> or <strong>Pathi<\/strong>\u2014are not recent arrivals but descendants of indigenous communities who have lived here for centuries. These Pathi Muslims have played vital roles in the nation&#8217;s history, governance, military, and fight for independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Pathi Presence and Contributions from Ancient Times<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As early as King Anawrahta\u2019s reign, Pathi men were contributing to national service. Historical sources record their involvement in projects such as the building of Meiktila Lake in both 393 ME and again in 784 ME. These efforts were supported by Pathi soldiers, as documented in Hanthawaddy U Ba Thin\u2019s cultural journals and letters compiled by Kinwun Mingyi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 13th century, the city of Pathein was reportedly governed by Pathi rulers, as confirmed in <em>Myanmar Encyclopedia Vol. 6<\/em> and <em>Pathein Yazawin<\/em> by U Magha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Konbaung dynasty\u2014Myanmar\u2019s final royal era\u2014trusted Pathi officers in key military and administrative posts. One notable example was <strong>Du Karein<\/strong>, a brave young officer who crushed rebellions under King Bodawpaya and was later promoted to Commander of the Royal Guard. He served as a diplomat to Yunnan and aide to the great General Maha Bandula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>King Mindon, a known reformist, acknowledged his Muslim subjects\u2019 contributions. During royal ceremonies in 1215 ME, he made sure Muslim officers were served food prepared according to halal customs and honored Pathi cavalry troops such as <strong>Commander Wali Khan<\/strong> and his 700 horsemen with traditional Burmese garments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Recognition and Respect Under King Mindon<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pathi Muslims were not only permitted but encouraged to build mosques and settle in designated districts within newly built Mandalay. The king allocated twelve major residential areas to the Pathi, including Sagaing Tine, Ohbo, and Wali Khan Ward, and permitted the construction of mosques within the royal compound itself. Notably, the <em>Shwe Panneik Mosque<\/em>\u2014Golden Canopy Mosque\u2014was built inside the palace so that Pathi guards could pray without difficulty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>King Mindon even built a rest house and donated a landmark pillar in Mecca for Burmese Muslims performing Hajj, reflecting his deep respect for their faith and dignity abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Continued Military Service under King Thibaw<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>During the reign of Myanmar\u2019s last monarch, <strong>King Thibaw<\/strong>, over 24,000 fully armed troops participated in a grand military parade. Among them were four full battalions of Muslim artillerymen:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>133 Pathi soldiers<\/strong> under Artillery Commander Hashim (Sakra Battalion)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>113 Pathi soldiers<\/strong> under Mingalar Artillery Commander U Kya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>113 Pathi soldiers<\/strong> under Sule Gon Commander U Maung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>113 Pathi soldiers<\/strong> under Bomb Shell Commander U Yauk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These records are preserved in the <em>Konbaung Chronicle, pp. 516 &amp; 524<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Third Anglo-Burmese War, prominent Pathi figures such as <strong>Akkabat Myinwon<\/strong>, the <strong>Port Commissioner<\/strong>, and <strong>Maha Min Htin Yaza<\/strong> led troops in the Southern Division. Historical records confirm that Maha Min Htin Yaza later served as mayor of Mandalay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Participation in Anti-Colonial and Independence Struggles<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pathi Muslims did not disappear after the fall of the monarchy. They actively resisted colonialism, participated in the anti-fascist movement against Japanese occupation, and supported the push for independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early independence era, under the leadership of <strong>U Razat<\/strong>, Burmese Muslims from all ethnic backgrounds\u2014including the Pathi\u2014formed the <strong>Burmese Muslim Awakening Organization<\/strong>. As independence neared, <strong>General Aung San<\/strong> personally urged U Razat to organize Burmese Muslims into a unified political body. This led to the formation of the <strong>Burmese Muslim Congress (BMC)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under General Aung San\u2019s guidance, the BMC participated as an allied body within the <strong>Anti-Fascist People\u2019s Freedom League (AFPFL)<\/strong>, contributing significantly to the independence movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Recognition at the 1946 Constituent Assembly<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>At the historic <strong>1946 AFPFL Constituent Assembly<\/strong>, a motion\u2014<strong>Proposal No. 6<\/strong>\u2014was submitted by <strong>U Ba Cho<\/strong>, a respected Muslim scholar. The motion declared that Muslims born in the country and descended from generations of service had loyally contributed to Myanmar\u2019s military, anti-colonial, and anti-fascist efforts. It recommended that these Burmese-born Muslims be officially recognized as a <strong>national minority with full rights<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The assembly <strong>unanimously approved<\/strong> the proposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, at the opening of the Burmese Muslim Congress convention, U Razat addressed the community with foresight:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWhile we are grateful for the recognition granted by the AFPFL, we are in a critical transitional time. In this heated period of the independence struggle\u2014when colonial threats still linger\u2014if we insist too strongly on a separate ethnic identity, we risk being viewed as opponents of the national cause. This issue can be revisited once our independence is secure. For now, I suggest we stand firmly and proudly as Burmese\u2014united as one nation.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Though the statement initially caused some debate, U Razat\u2019s wisdom prevailed, and the community united behind his stance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tragically, U Razat and many Muslim leaders were assassinated by extremist forces before independence could be fully realized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. From Nation Builders to Forgotten Citizens<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After independence, some Burmese Muslim leaders were appointed as ministers, deputy ministers, and members of parliament. However, the broader issue of full recognition for Burmese-born Muslims\u2014particularly the Pathi\u2014remained unresolved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under military regimes, Muslims faced escalating discrimination: in religion, ethnicity, and ultimately, identity. Today, the descendants of these loyal Burmese Muslims are confronting a final, chilling chapter\u2014their <strong>total erasure from national memory<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Closing Reflection<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The stories above are just one part of a much deeper and wider historical truth: the <strong>Pathi<\/strong>\u2014the largest segment among Myanmar\u2019s Muslim citizens\u2014have long been part of this land\u2019s heritage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other Muslim communities in Myanmar, from various ethnic backgrounds, also have rich histories that deserve recognition. But this particular chapter\u2014the legacy of the Pathi\u2014must not be forgotten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>May we all have the strength to see the truth clearly and understand history justly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zaw Zaw Latt<\/strong> (<em>Asteroid<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/zzl.asteroid?__cft__[0]=AZVBSgMXndVxTa8Hm_3TLwH4sjkiDHnPz9cBJjbQjgYOijklyIRlyLhKDh82lMWVZNQBuPJRujSxFrpcTFIztECdjRBGOgpBazIYTrCJ6kU91P9uICLJ75OJYjxPy_zzX7pprqCfGHk7okM-kFcykwrMgCtE7XCf2a6H70cOq0tLa1YiYDcb1xSECt3A7xCA6DnaqQDS2VykrgxA8IA6F_7QaPctKavXe2SBxEZgO2Wjvw&amp;__tn__=-UC%2CP-y-R\"><strong>Zaw Zaw Latt<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101d\u1031\u1012\u1014\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a.. \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u101b\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a..<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\ud83d\udcd6\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/t9e\/1\/16\/1f4d6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\ud83d\uddde\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/t8e\/1\/16\/1f5de.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\ud83d\udcdd\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/tcc\/1\/16\/1f4dd.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\ud83d\udd8b\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/tb7\/1\/16\/1f58b.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\u270f\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/te4\/1\/16\/270f.png\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101c\u102c\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\/\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1015\u101e\u102e \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u1031\u1037\u1010\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038&#8230;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a>\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1010\u1032\u1037 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\u1001\u1036\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101f\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1005\u1039\u1005\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103a\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1005\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103e\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1007\u102c\u1010\u102d\u1016\u103d\u102c\u1038 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\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101b\u1032\u1037\u1005\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a&#8230;..\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\ud83d\udc40\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/tc8\/1\/16\/1f440.png\"> \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1015\u102b\u1005\u1031 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" alt=\"\ud83d\udc41\" src=\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/t49\/1\/16\/1f441.png\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1007\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1007\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1010\u103a\u2730\u1021\u1032\u1037\u1005\u103a\u1010\u102c\u101b\u103d\u102d\u1000\u103a\u1012\u103a\u2730<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Zaw Zaw Latt(Translated and edited for MMNN) Instead of relying on emotion alone, let us speak with truth, evidence, and historical documentation. Much of the Muslim population in Myanmar today\u2014often referred to as Burmese Muslims or Pathi\u2014are not recent arrivals but descendants of indigenous communities who have lived here for centuries. These Pathi Muslims [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1298,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-history","category-myanmar-muslims-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1766"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1769,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1766\/revisions\/1769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1298"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/myanmarmuslim.news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}